ASTM D2111-10(2015)

Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The density or specific gravity of a pure chlorinated solvent at a given temperature is constant. Density or specific gravity can be used in identification of materials, the assay of binary mixtures, and as an indication of purity of a given solvent.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of halogenated organic solvents and solvent admixtures. They define suitable apparatus and procedures and furnish details underlying the interpretation of test data and the selection of numerical limits for agreement among interested persons and agencies.  
1.2 Three methods are covered as follows:  
1.2.1 Method A,  specific gravity by means of a hydrometer.  
1.2.2 Method B,  specific gravity and density by means of a pycnometer.  
Note 1: In referee problems, Method B may be used.  
1.2.3 Method C,  specific gravity and density by means of an electronic densitometer.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2015
• ICS: 71.080.20 - Halogenated hydrocarbons
• Technical Committee: D26 - Halogenated Organic Solvents and Fire Extinguishing Agents
• Drafting Committee: D26.04 - Test Methods

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D2111-10 - Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Replaced By: ASTM D2111-10(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Referred By: ASTM D4079-00(2022) - Standard Specification for Vapor-Degreasing Grade Methylene Chloride
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D5616-04(2022) - Standard Specification for Reclaimed Trichloroethylene
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D4376-15(2020) - Standard Specification for Vapor-Degreasing Grade Perchloroethylene
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D2172/D2172M-17e1 - Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Asphalt Binder from Asphalt Mixtures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D4701-00(2020) - Standard Specification for Technical Grade Methylene Chloride
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D6368-06(2023) - Standard Specification for Vapor-Degreasing Solvents Based on <emph type="bdit">normal</emph >-Propyl Bromide and Technical Grade <emph type="bdit">normal</emph >-Propyl Bromide
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D5960-03(2023) - Standard Specification for Technical Grade Ethylene Dichloride
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D5248-04(2020) - Standard Specification for Reclaimed 1,1,2-Trichloro 1,2,2-Trifluoroethane
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D5395-03(2023) - Standard Specification for Reclaimed Methylene Chloride
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D4080-15(2020) - Standard Specification for Trichloroethylene, Technical and Vapor-Degreasing Grade
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D4081-16(2023) - Standard Specification for Drycleaning-Grade Perchloroethylene
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D5396-04(2020) - Standard Specification for Reclaimed Perchloroethylene
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2111 −10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic
Solvents and Their Admixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
specific gravity of halogenated organic solvents and solvent 3.1.1 density—themassofagivenmaterialperunitvolume.
admixtures.Theydefinesuitableapparatusandproceduresand
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Density for chlorinated solvents is nor-
furnishdetailsunderlyingtheinterpretationoftestdataandthe
mally stated in grams per cubic centimetre. Pounds per gallon
selection of numerical limits for agreement among interested
is also commonly used.
persons and agencies.
3.1.2 specific gravity—theratioofthemassinairofagiven
1.2 Three methods are covered as follows:
volumeofthematerialatastatedtemperaturetothemassinair
of an equal volume of distilled water at a stated temperature.
1.2.1 Method A, specific gravity by means of a hydrometer.
1.2.2 Method B, specific gravity and density by means of a 3.1.2.1 Discussion—When the temperature of the material
and of the water are the same, the specific gravity of the
pycnometer.
material is expressed as follows:
NOTE 1—In referee problems, Method B may be used.
Specificgravity x/x°C, example25/25°C (1)
1.2.3 MethodC,specificgravityanddensitybymeansofan
When the temperature of the material and of the water
electronic densitometer.
are not the same, the specific gravity of the material is
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
expressed as follows:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Specificgravity x/y°C, example20/4°C (2)
standard.
Note that when the density of water is expressed as
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4°C, the specific gravity at the stated temperature is the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
same as density at the stated temperature. For example,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
SG 20/4°C = density at 20°C.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
When using an electronic densitometer to determine
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specific gravity, the temperature of the material to be
tested and the water reference will be the same. Examples
2. Referenced Documents
25/25°C, 20/20°C.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E100Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
4. Significance and Use
E2251Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids 4.1 The density or specific gravity of a pure chlorinated
solvent at a given temperature is constant. Density or specific
gravity can be used in identification of materials, the assay of
binary mixtures, and as an indication of purity of a given
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D26 on
solvent.
Halogenated Organic Solvents and Fire Extinguishing Agents and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D26.04 on Test Methods.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
5. Test Temperatures
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2111–10. DOI:
10.1520/D2111-10R15.
5.1 ASTM specifications normally state the temperatures
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
forspecificgravityofhalogenatedorganicsolventsat25/25°C.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
20/20°Cand15.56/15.56°Careothercommonlyusedtempera-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tures.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2111−10 (2015)
METHOD A—SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY MEANS cuttingthehydrometerscale.Determinethetemperatureofthe
OF A HYDROMETER sample just before and also, for referee tests, just after reading
the hydrometer.
6. Apparatus
METHOD B—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR DENSITY BY
6.1 Hydrometer—Thehydrometerstobeusedshallbethose
MEANS OF A PYCNOMETER
specified in Specification E100, as follows:
Nominal Specific Gravity Range ASTM Hydrometer No. 8. Apparatus
0.900 to 0.950 107H
8.1 Pycnometer, 25-mL capacity with a ground-glass stop-
0.950 to 1.000 108H
1.000 to 1.050 125H
per having a capillary opening, a chamber to provide for
1.050 to 1.100 126H
expansion up to room temperature, and a cap to prevent
1.100 to 1.150 127H
evaporation.
1.150 to 1.200 128H
1.200 to 1.250 129H
8.2 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the temperature 6
1.250 to 1.300 130H
1.300 to 1.350 131H 0.5°C during the test.
1.350 to 1.400 132H
8.3 Thermometer—An ASTM Low Softening Point Ther-
1.400 to 1.450 133H
1.450 to 1.500 134H
mometer having a range from−2 to+80°C and conforming to
1.500 to 1.550 135H
the requirements forThermometer 15C as prescribed in Speci-
1.550 to 1.600 136H
fication E2251.
1.600 to 1.650 137H
6.2 Hydrometer Cylinder—The vessel in which the sample
8.4 Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of 60.1 mg.
for the gravity test is confined shall be made of clear glass and
9. Procedure—Specific Gravity
shall be cylindrical in shape. For convenience in pouring, it
may have a lip on the rim.The inside diameter shall be at least
9.1 Clean the pycnometer by filling it with a saturated
25.0 mm greater than the outside diameter of the hydrometer
solution of chromic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid allowing
used in it. The height of the cylinder shall be such that the
it to stand for a few hours, emptying, and rinsing well with
lengthofthecolumnofsampleitcontainsisgreaterbyatleast
distilled or deionized water.
25.0 mm than the portion of the hydrometer that is immersed
9.2 Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled or
beneath the surface of the sample after a state of equilibrium
deionizedwaterthathasbeencooledto2or3°Cbelowthetest
has been reached.
temperature. Place it in the water bath maintained at the test
6.3 Thermometer—AnASTM GravityThermometer having
temperature until the pycnometer and its contents are at a
a range from −20 to+102°C and conforming to the require-
constant volume.
ments for Thermometer 12C as prescribed in Specification
9.3 After immersion in the bath for at least 30 min, adjust
E2251.
the level of liquid to the proper point on the pycnometer, put
6.4 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the test temperature
the stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, and
60.5°C during the test.
weigh. Care should be taken to avoid touching the pycnometer
with bare hands due to weight changes that will occur from
7. Procedure
picking up moisture and oils. Record the weight as W .
7.1 Cool the sample in the original container to about 1°C
9.4 Empty the pycnometer, rinse successively with alcohol
belowthetesttemperature.Rinseeachpieceofequipmentwith
or acetone, remove the vapor of the solvent by purging with
a portion of the sample. Pour the sample into the clean
clean,dryairornitrogen,immerseinthebath,andbringtothe
hydrometer cylinder without splashing, so as to avoid forma-
testtemperatureaswasdonebefore.Afterimmersionatthetest
tion of air bubbles. Remove any air bubbles adhering to the
temperature for at least 30 min, put the stopper in place,
surface by touching them with a piece of clean filter paper.
remove from the bath, wipe dry, and weigh. Record the weight
Select a location that is free of air currents. Place the cylinder
as W .
vertically in the water bath and let the temperature of the
9.5 Subtract the weight of the empty pychometer from the
sample reach the test temperature as follows: Stir the contents
weight when filled with water in order to get the weight of the
ofthecylinder,beingcarefultoavoidformationofairbubbles.
contained water at the test temperature in air. The difference
When the temperature of the sample is 0.5°C below the test
W=W −W .
1 2
temperature, slowly and carefully lower the hydrometer into
the sample to a level two smallest scale divisions below that at 9.6 Cool the sample to 2 or 3°C below the test temperature,
whichitwillfloat,andthenreleasethehydrometer.Afterithas fill the pycnometer with it, immerse in the bath, and bring to
come to rest and floats freely away from the walls of the thetesttemperatureaswasdonebefore.Afterimmersionatthe
cylinder, read the gravity as the point at which the surface of test temperature for at least 30 min, adjust the liquid level, put
the sample apparently cuts the hydrometer scale. the stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, and
weigh. Record the temperature as S
7.2 When the sample is at the test temperature, make this
observation by placing the eye slightly below the level of the 9.7 Subtract the weight of the empty pycnometer from the
liquid and slowly raise the eye until the surface of the sample weight when filled with the sample in order to obtain the
first seen as a distorted ellipse seems to become a straight line weight of the contained sample. The differenceS=S −W .
1 2
D2111−10 (2015)
10. Calculation 11.2 Place the empty pycnometer in the water bath and
bring it to the test temperature. Allow the pycnometer to
10.1 Calculate the specific gravity (in air) as follows:
remain at the test temperature for 30 min.
Sp
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2111 − 10 D2111 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic
Solvents and Their Admixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of halogenated organic solvents and solvent admixtures.
They define suitable apparatus and procedures and furnish details underlying the interpretation of test data and the selection of
numerical limits for agreement among interested persons and agencies.
1.2 Three methods are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Method A, specific gravity by means of a hydrometer.
1.2.2 Method B, specific gravity and density by means of a pycnometer.
NOTE 1—In referee problems, Method B may be used.
1.2.3 Method C, specific gravity and density by means of an electronic densitometer.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 density—the mass of a given material per unit volume.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D26 on Halogenated Organic Solvents and Fire Extinguishing Agents and are the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee D26.04 on Test Methods.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010June 1, 2015. Published February 2010June 2015. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20072010 as
D2111 – 02D2111 – 10.(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D2111-10.10.1520/D2111-10R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Density for chlorinated solvents is normally stated in grams per cubic centimetre. Pounds per gallon is also commonly used.
3.1.2 specific gravity—the ratio of the mass in air of a given volume of the material at a stated temperature to the mass in air
of an equal volume of distilled water at a stated temperature.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
When the temperature of the material and of the water are the same, the specific gravity of the material is expressed as follows:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2111 − 10 (2015)
Specific gravity x/x°C, example 25/25°C (1)
When the temperature of the material and of the water are not the same, the specific gravity of the material is expressed
as follows:
Specific gravity x/y°C, example 20/4°C (2)
Note that when the density of water is expressed as 4°C, the specific gravity at the stated temperature is the same as den-
sity at the stated temperature. For example, SG 20/4°C = density at 20°C.
When using an electronic densitometer to determine specific gravity, the temperature of the material to be tested and the
water reference will be the same. Examples 25/25°C, 20/20°C.
3.1.2 density—the mass of a given material per unit volume.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
Density for chlorinated solvents is normally stated in grams per cubic centimetre. Pounds per gallon is also commonly used.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The density or specific gravity of a pure chlorinated solvent at a given temperature is constant. Density or specific gravity
can be used in identification of materials, the assay of binary mixtures, and as an indication of purity of a given solvent.
5. Test Temperatures
5.1 ASTM specifications normally state the temperatures for specific gravity of halogenated organic solvents at 25/25°C.
20/20°C and 15.56/15.56°C are other commonly used temperatures.
METHOD A—SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY MEANS
OF A HYDROMETER
6. Apparatus
6.1 Hydrometer—The hydrometers to be used shall be those specified in Specification E100, as follows:
Nominal Specific Gravity Range ASTM Hydrometer No.
0.900 to 0.950 107H
0.950 to 1.000 108H
1.000 to 1.050 125H
1.050 to 1.100 126H
1.100 to 1.150 127H
1.150 to 1.200 128H
1.200 to 1.250 129H
1.250 to 1.300 130H
1.300 to 1.350 131H
1.350 to 1.400 132H
1.400 to 1.450 133H
1.450 to 1.500 134H
1.500 to 1.550 135H
1.550 to 1.600 136H
1.600 to 1.650 137H
6.2 Hydrometer Cylinder—The vessel in which the sample for the gravity test is confined shall be made of clear glass and shall
be cylindrical in shape. For convenience in pouring, it may have a lip on the rim. The inside diameter shall be at least 25.0 mm
greater than the outside diameter of the hydrometer used in it. The height of the cylinder shall be such that the length of the column
of sample it contains is greater by at least 25.0 mm than the portion of the hydrometer that is immersed beneath the surface of the
sample after a state of equilibrium has been reached.
6.3 Thermometer—An ASTM Gravity Thermometer having a range from − 20 to + 102°C from −20 to +102°C and conforming
to the requirements for Thermometer 12C as prescribed in Specification E2251.
6.4 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the test temperature 6 0.5°C 60.5°C during the test.
7. Procedure
7.1 Cool the sample in the original container to about 1°C below the test temperature. Rinse each piece of equipment with a
portion of the sample. Pour the sample into the clean hydrometer cylinder without splashing, so as to avoid formation of air
bubbles. Remove any air bubbles adhering to the surface by touching them with a piece of clean filter paper. Select a location that
is free of air currents. Place the cylinder vertically in the water bath and let the temperature of the sample reach the test temperature
as follows: Stir the contents of the cylinder, being careful to avoid formation of air bubbles. When the temperature of the sample
is 0.5°C below the test temperature, slowly and carefully lower the hydrometer into the sample to a level two smallest scale
D2111 − 10 (2015)
divisions below that at which it will float, and then release the hydrometer. After it has come to rest and floats freely away from
the walls of the cylinder, read the gravity as the point at which the surface of the sample apparently cuts the hydrometer scale.
7.2 When the sample is at the test temperature, make this observation by placing the eye slightly below the level of the liquid
and slowly raise the eye until the surface of the sample first seen as a distorted ellipse seems to become a straight line cutting the
hydrometer scale. Determine the temperature of the sample just before and also, for referee tests, just after reading the hydrometer.
METHOD B—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR DENSITY BY MEANS OF A PYCNOMETER
8. Apparatus
8.1 Pycnometer, 25-mL capacity with a ground-glass stopper having a capillary opening, a chamber to provide for expansion
up to room temperature, and a cap to prevent evaporation.
8.2 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the temperature 6 0.5°C during the test.
8.3 Thermometer—An ASTM Low Softening Point Thermometer having a range from − 2 to + 80°Cfrom −2 to +80°C and
conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 15C as prescribed in Specification E2251.
8.4 Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of 60.1 mg.
9. Procedure—Specific Gravity
9.1 Clean the pycnometer by filling it with a saturated solution of chromic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid allowing it to stand
for a few hours, emptying, and rinsing well with distilled or deionized water.
9.2 Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled or deionized water that has been cooled to 2 or 3°C below the test
temperature. Place it in the water bath maintained at the test temperature until the pycnometer and its contents are at a constant
volume.
9.3 After immersion in the bath for at least 30 min, adjust the level of liquid to the proper point on the pycnometer, put the
stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, and weigh. Care should be taken to avoid touching the pycnometer with bare
hands due to weight changes that will occur from picking up moisture and oils. Record the weight as W .
9.4 Empty the pycnometer, rinse successively with alcohol or acetone, remove the vapor of the solvent by purging with clean,
dry air or nitrogen, immerse in the bath, and bring to the test temperature as was done before. After immersion at the test
temperature for at least 30 min, put the stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, and weigh. Record the weight as W .
9.5 Subtract the weight of the empty pychometer from the weight when filled with water in order to get the weight of the
contained water at the test temperature in air. The difference
W = W − W .
1 2
9.6 Cool the sample to 2 or 3°C below the test temperature, fill the pycnometer with it, immerse in the bath, and bring to the
test temperature as was done before. After immersion at the test temperature for at least 30 min, adjust the liquid level, put the
stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, and weigh. Record the temperature as S
9.7 Subtract the weight of the empty pycnometer from the weight when filled with the sample in order to obtain the weight of
the contained sample. The difference S = S − W .
1 2
10. Calculation
10.1 Calculate the specific gravity (in air) as follows:
Specific gravity T/T 5S/W (3)
where:
T
...