ASTM E111-04

Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The value of Young’modulus is a material property useful in design for calculating compliance of structural materials that follow Hooke’law when subjected to uniaxial loading (that is, the strain is proportional to the applied force).
For materials that follow nonlinear elastic stress-strain behavior, the value of tangent or chord modulus is useful in estimating the change in strain for a specified range in stress.
Since for many materials, Young’modulus in tension is different from Young’modulus in compression, it shall be derived from test data obtained in the stress mode of interest.
The accuracy and precision of apparatus, test specimens, and procedural steps should be such as to conform to the material being tested and to a reference standard, if available.
Precise determination of Young’modulus requires due regard for the numerous variables that may affect such determinations. These include (1) characteristics of the specimen such as orientation of grains relative to the direction of the stress, grain size, residual stress, previous strain history, dimensions, and eccentricity; (2) testing conditions, such as alignment of the specimen, speed of testing, temperature, temperature variations, condition of test equipment, ratio of error in applied force to the range in force values, and ratio of error in extension measurement to the range in extension values used in the determination; and (3) interpretation of data (see Section 9).
When the modulus determination is made at strains in excess of 0.25 %, correction should be made for changes in cross-sectional area and gage length, by substituting the instantaneous cross section and instantaneous gage length for the original values.
Compression results may be affected by barreling (see Test Methods E 9). Strain measurements should therefore be made in the specimen region where such effects are minimal.
FIG. 2 Load-Deviation Graph
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of Young's modulus, tangent modulus, and chord modulus of structural materials. This test method is limited to materials in which and to temperatures and stresses at which creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading and to elastic behavior.
1.2 Because of experimental problems associated with the establishment of the origin of the stress-strain curve described in 8.1, the determination of the initial tangent modulus (that is, the slope of the stress-strain curve at the origin) and the secant modulus are outside the scope of this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2004
• ICS: 19.060 - Mechanical testing
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.04 - Uniaxial Testing

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E111-97 - Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Replaced By: ASTM E111-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E9-19 - Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E2899-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks Under Tension and Bending
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D3410/D3410M-16e1 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported Gage Section by Shear Loading
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E561-23 - Standard Test Method for <emph type="bdit">K<inf>R</inf></emph> Curve Determination
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C1298-21 - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Brick Liners for Industrial Chimneys
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E2368-10(2017) - Standard Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical Fatigue Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D4255/D4255M-20e1 - Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E646-16 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strain-Hardening Exponents (<emph type="bdit">n</emph > -Values) of Metallic Sheet Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C1314-23a - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C1835-16(2023) - Standard Classification for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide (SiC-SiC) Composite Structures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C1836-16(2023) - Standard Classification for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C1793-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E111 – 04
Standard Test Method for
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Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE111;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E231 Method for Static Determination ofYoung’s Modulus
4
2
of Metals at Low and Elevated Temperatures
1.1 This test method covers the determination of Young’s
E1012 PracticeforVerificationofTestFrameandSpecimen
modulus, tangent modulus, and chord modulus of structural
Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force
materials.Thistestmethodislimitedtomaterialsinwhichand
Application
to temperatures and stresses at which creep is negligible
2.2 General Considerations—While certain portions of the
comparedtothestrainproducedimmediatelyuponloadingand
standards and practices listed are applicable and should be
to elastic behavior.
referred to, the precision required in this test method is higher
1.2 Because of experimental problems associated with the
than that required in general testing.
establishment of the origin of the stress-strain curve described
in 8.1, the determination of the initial tangent modulus (that is,
the slope of the stress-strain curve at the origin) and the secant
3. Terminology
modulus are outside the scope of this test method.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 accuracy—the degree of agreement between an ac-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cepted standard value of Young’s modulus (the average of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
many observations made according to this method, preferably
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
by many observers) and the value determined.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
3.1.1.1 Increasedaccuracyisassociatedwithdecreasedbias
2. Referenced Documents relativetotheacceptedstandardvalue;twomethodswithequal
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bias relative to the accepted standard value have equal accu-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
racyevenifonemethodismoreprecisethantheother.Seealso
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
bias and precision.
E6 TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTesting
3.1.1.2 The accepted standard value is the value ofYoung’s
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
modulus for the statistical universe being sampled using this
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Ma-
method. When an accepted standard value is not available,
terials at Room Temperature
accuracy cannot be established.
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests
3.1.2 bias, statistical—a constant or systematic error in test
of Metallic Materials
results.
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
3.1.2.1 Bias can exist between the accepted standard value
someter Systems
andatestresultobtainedfromthistestmethod,orbetweentwo
test results obtained from this test method, for example,
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
between operators or between laboratories.
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
3.1.3 precision—the degree of mutual agreement among
Uniaxial Testing.
individual measurements made under prescribed like condi-
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2004.PublishedJuly2004.Originallyapproved
in1955.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin1997asE111–97.DOI:10.1520/E0111- tions.
04.
3.1.4 Young’s modulus—the ratio of tensile or compressive
2
ThistestmethodisarevisionofE111–61(1978),“Young’sModulusatRoom
stress to corresponding strain below the proportional limit (see
Temperature” and includes appropriate requirements of E231–69(1975), “Static
Fig. 1a).
Determination of Young’s Modulus of Metals at Low and Elevated Temperatures”
to permit the eventual withdrawal of the latter method. Method E231 is under the
3.1.4.1 tangent modulus—the slope of the stress-strain
jurisdiction of ASTM-ASME Joint Committee on Effect of Temperature on the
curve at any specified stress or strain (see Fig. 1b).
Property of Metals.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. Last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
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