ASTM C648-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in. (6.4 cm ).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C 648 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break- 5.1 The test method provides means for establishing
ing strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, whether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strength
quarry tile, and paver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in. requirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tile
(6.4 cm ). strength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded the pressure gage, necessary to cause the tile to break.
as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units
6. Apparatus
may be approximate.
1 1
6.1 Specimen-Support, consisting of a 5 ⁄2 by 5 ⁄2 by 1-in.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(139.7 by 139.7 by 25.4-mm) steel block. Three ⁄4-in. (6.4-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- mm) diameter and ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) deep tapped holes are
arranged in an equilateral triangle having 3-in. (76.2-mm) sides
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. and whose circumscribed circle has a radius of 1.732 in. (44.0
mm). The equilateral triangle is located on the steel block so
2. Referenced Documents
that its center coincides with that of the steel block and one side
2.1 ASTM Standards: of the triangle runs parallel to one side of the steel block. Three
3 3
C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related ⁄8-in. diameter steel rods, 1 ⁄8 in. with (34.9 mm) long, one end
3 1
Products threaded for a distance of ⁄8 in. with the same ⁄4-in. thread as
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations the tapped holes, and the other end ground flat, fit into the three
holes. In a similar manner, a second set of three ⁄8-in. diameter
3. Terminology
steel rods, but ⁄4 in. (19.0 mm) long only, are threaded on one
3.1 Definitions: end for a distance of ⁄8-in., are ground flat on the other end and
1 1
3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in Section 1,
fit three other ⁄4-in. tapped holes. The three ⁄4-in. holes, tapped
refer to Terminology C 242. for a distance of ⁄8 in. to receive this second set of steel rods
are located at the apexes of an equilateral triangle having
4. Summary of Test Method
1 ⁄2-in. (38.1-mm) long sides and whose circumscribed circle
4.1 The test method consists of supporting the tile on the
has a radius of 0.866 in. (22.0 mm). This second equilateral
ends of three cylindrical rods, or on three ball bearings for tiles
triangle is located within the first one in such a manner that its
2 2
having an actual facial area of 9 in. (58 cm ) (or less),
circumscribed circle is identical with the inscribed circle of the
arranged in an equilateral triangle, and applying force at a
first triangle, and its sides are parallel to those of the larger
definite rate to the center of the tile, which coincides with the
triangle. The ball bearing support consists of three ⁄8-in.
center of the triangular support, until the specimen breaks.
(3.2-mm) ball bearings arranged in an equilateral triangle, with
sides of 14 mm concentric and parallel with the other triangles.
NOTE 1—The size (facial dimensions) of otherwise equal tile affects the
The bearings are embedded in the block to the extent of half
value of breaking strength obtained by this test method. For instance, a 6
their volume. The steel block has four more ⁄4-in. tapped holes
by 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) tile equal in mature body properties and
1 1
thickness to a 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. (108 by 108-mm) tile will have a breaking
to receive socket head cap screws for holding four registry
1 1
strength higher than the 4 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄4-in. tile. 1
stops. One of these holes is located in the center of one side, ⁄4
in. in from the edge. Another of these is located in the center
of an adjacent side ⁄4 in. from the edge. The other two are
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-21 on
located on an adjacent side, ⁄4 in. in from the edge, spaced 2 in.
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of
(50.8 mm) apart, with one located 1 ⁄4 in. (44.4 mm) from one
Subcommittee C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved July 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originally
of the corners of the first side. The two single hole registry
published as C 648 – 70. Last previous edition C 648 – 84 (1994).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 648
stops are used with the ball bearing support. The double hole tile which may be broken over these supports. For tile of
registry stop and the adjacent edge single stop are to be used dimensions 4 ⁄4 in. (107.9 mm) or smaller, the projections will
with the sets of rod supports. Three of the registry stops be located on that end of the strip nearest to the support block;
designed for use with the cylindrical rod supports consist of for tile having dimensions larger than 4 ⁄4 in., the strips are
1 3
⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thick steel strips, ⁄4 in. wide, 2 in. long, with reversed so that the projections are located on the end of the
a ⁄4-in. wide slot extending for the full 2-in. length of the strip. steel strips away from the support block (see Fig. 1). For
The slot is open on one end and the other end of each steel strip certain mosaic tiles with dimensions of less than 1 in. (25.4
3 1 1
has a ⁄4 in. wide and 1 ⁄2 in. high projection, ⁄8 in. thick, which mm) length, it is necessary to reverse the position of the
will contact the edges of the tile when in proper position for registry stops so that the tile is supported with the slot ends in
use. The other two registry stops, designed for use with the ball order to avoid interference with the force applicator.
bearing support, have exactly the same dimensions except for 6.2 Force Applicator— Force is applied in the exact center
5 1
their projection height which is ⁄8 in. The projection is of the triangular support by means of a ⁄2-in. (12.7-mm)
obtained by making the steel strips actually 3 ⁄2 in. (88.9 mm) diameter stainless steel ball bearing, countersunk to a depth of
1 17
long and bending them at right angles to obtain the 1 ⁄2-in. or ⁄64 in. (6.7 mm) into one end of a 1-in. (25.4-mm) diameter
5 3
⁄8-in. (38.1-mm or 15.9-mm) high projection. Each of the three and 2-in. long steel rod. A ⁄32-in. (2.4-mm) thick retaining
registry stops can be fastened with washer and socket head cap collar prevents the ball from falling out of its recess and is
3 3
screw through its slot in any one of numerous positions. Being fastened to the steel rod by four ⁄32-in. 3-48 NC screws, ⁄8 in.
adjustable, they serve as registry stops for the different sizes of (9.5 mm) long, with countersunk heads. The opposite end of
FIG. 1 Support Block Assembly (See Table 1)
C 648
TABLE 1 Conversion of Dimensions Appearing in Figs. 1 and 2
6.4 Oven—An oven large enough to hold the required
in. mm in. mm number of the tile specimens which, when empty, can be
1 3 heated to a temperature of 200°F (93°C) in ⁄2 h or less. It must
⁄8 3.2 1 ⁄8 34.9
1 1
⁄4 6.4 1 ⁄2 38.1
be able to recover its temperature, after being loaded with tile,
17 47
⁄64 6.7 1 ⁄64 44.1
in1hor less and capable of mai
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