ASTM D1777-96(2011)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
Standard Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
Thickness is one of the basic physical properties of textile materials. In certain industrial applications, the thickness may require rigid control within specified limits. Bulk and warmth properties of textile materials are often estimated from their thickness values, and thickness is also useful in measuring some performance characteristics, such as before and after abrasion and shrinkage.
The thickness value of most textile materials will vary considerably depending on the pressure applied to the specimen at the time the thickness measurement is taken. In all cases, the apparent thickness varies inversely with the pressure applied. For this reason, it is essential that the pressure be specified when discussing or listing any thickness valu...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of most textile materials.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, and pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing thickness, except as provided for in another standard such as listed in Section 2.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D1777 −96(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Thickness of Textile Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1777; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Terminology was removed in order to comply with the D13 Terminology Policy.
1. Scope 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
TEX-PAC
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thick-
ness of most textile materials.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of textile terms used in this
wovenfabrics,airbagfabrics,blankets,nappedfabrics,knitted
test method, see Terminology D123.
fabrics, layered fabrics, and pile fabrics. The fabrics may be
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise
cross-machine direction, machine direction, pressure, and
treated. Instructions are provided for testing thickness, except
thickness.
as provided for in another standard such as listed in Section 2.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4.1 A specimen is placed on the base of a thickness gauge
standard.Thevaluesstatedininch-poundmaybeapproximate.
and a weighted presser foot lowered. The displacement be-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tweenthebaseandthepresserfootismeasuredasthethickness
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the specimen.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
tance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates
2. Referenced Documents
of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test
2.1 ASTM Standards:
method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
drawn 2008)
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
General.
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published January 2007. Originally
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-
approved in 1960. Discontinued in November 1995 and reinstated as D1777 – 96.
tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2007asD1777 – 96(2007).DOI:10.1520/D1777-
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
96R11E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. A PC program on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D13 interlaboratory
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on data are available from ASTM Headquarters. For a 3 ⁄2-in. disk, request PCN:12-
www.astm.org.
429040-18. For a 5 ⁄4-in. disk, request PCN:12-429041-18.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D1777−96 (2011)
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid- 6.1.2 Spring Force or Compression Test Apparatus, may be
eration to the known bias. substituted for the dead-weight-type thickness gauge providing
they meet the specified conditions cited in Table 1.
5.2 Thickness is one of the basic physical properties of
textile materials. In certain industrial applications, the thick- 6.2 Cutting Dies or Templates, to cut specimens having
ness may require rigid control within specified limits. Bulk and minimum dimensions at least 20 % greater than any dimension
warmth properties of textile materials are often estimated from of the presser foot to be used in measuring the thickness
theirthicknessvalues,andthicknessisalsousefulinmeasuring (optional).
some performance characteristics, such as before and after
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
abrasion and shrinkage.
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
5.3 The thickness value of most textile materials will vary
randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
considerably depending on the pressure applied to the speci-
in an applicable material specification or other agreement
men at the time the thickness measurement is taken. In all
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or
cases, the apparent thickness varies inversely with the pressure
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
applied. For this reason, it is essential that the pressure be
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
specified when discussing or listing any thickness value.
specifed in Table 2.
5.4 Whenusingthistestmethodformeasuringthethickness
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
of textile materials, the primary method for the specific
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
material such as listed in the Referenced Document section
between rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch
shall take precedence over the directions described in this test
from a roll or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
method, unless specifically provided for in that test method.
quality level.
This test method is used in its entirety when no test method for
measuring thickness is available for the specific material to be 7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
tested or unless otherwise specified in a material specification swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
or contract order. m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
6. Apparatus exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
aroundthecoreoftherolloffabric.Forfinishedgarments,take
6.1 Thickness Gauge, having dimensions appropriate to the
a piece of sufficient size to provide the number of specimens
material to be tested as specified in Table 1, unless otherwise
required in 7.3.
specifiedinamaterialspecificationorcontractorder.Acircular
presserfootcommonlyisusedformostmaterials;however,for 7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
certain materials, such as narrow tapes, a rectangular foot is taketenspecimens.Usethecuttingdieortemplatedescribedin
moreappropriatewhenagreeduponbetweenthepurchaserand 6.2. It is permissible to make thickness tests of a textile
the supplier. material without cutting, providing it can be maintained
6.1.1 Automatic Microprocessor Data Gathering Systems, without distortion in a plane parallel to the presser foot and
optional. anvil while making measurements.
TABLE 1 Designated Gauges and Gauge Specifications for Measuring Thickness of Textiles
Testing Material Gauge Presser Foot Anvil/Foot Foot to Anvil
Anvil Applied Pressure Readability
A B
Option Type Type Diameter Parallelism Surface Parallelism
1 Woven fabrics dead-weight 28.7 ± 0.02 mm 38 mm D, or greater 0.01 mm 0.002 mm 4.14 ± 0.21 kPa 0.02 mm
Knitted fabrics (1.129 ± 0.001 in.) (1.629 in. D, or greater) (0.0005 in.) (0.0001 in.) (0.60 ± 0.03 psi) (0.001 in.)
Textured fabrics
2 Coated fabrics dead-weight 9.5 ± 0.02 mm 38 mm D, or greater 0.01 mm 0.002 mm 23.4 ± 0.7 kPa 0.02 mm
Narrow fabrics (0.375 ± 0.001 in.) (1.629 in. D, or greater) (0.0005 in.) (0.0001 in.) (3.4± 0.1 psi) (0.001 in.)
Webbings
Tapes
Ribbons
Braids
3 Films dead-weight 6.3 ± 0.02 mm 19 mm D, or greater 0.002 mm 0.002 mm 172 ± 14 kPa 0.002 mm
Glass cloths (0.250 ± 0.001 in.) (0.750 in. D, or greater) (0.0001 in.) (0.0001 in.) (25±2psi) (0.0001 in.)
Glass tapes
4 Glass fiber mat dead-weight (2.25 ± 0.001 in.) (2.75 in. D, or greater) 0.01 mm 0.002 mm 18.9 ± 0.7 kPa 0.02 mm
(0.0005 in.) (0.0001 in.) (2.75 ± 0.1 psi) (0.001 in.)
5 Blankets dead-weight 28.7 ± 0.02 mm 38 mm D, or greater 0.01 mm 0.002 mm 0.7 ± 0.07 kPa 0.02 mm
Pile fabrics (1.129 ± 0.001 in.) (1.629 in. D, or greater) (0.0005 in.) (0.0001 in.) (0.1 ± 0.01 psi) (0.001 in.)
Napped fabrics also 7.58 ± 0.21
kPa (1.1 ± 0.03 psi)
A
When testing fabrics made with textured yarns or open-end spun yarns, primary consideration should be given to the pressure applied in Option 1, with respect to the
size of the presser foot used.
B
Other spring force or compression test apparatus that meet the stated specifications can be used.
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D1777−96 (2011)
TABLE 2 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot Sample TABLE 3 Thickness of Fabrics, mils
Number of Rolls or Pieces Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample Components of Variance Expressed
in Lot, Inclusive as
A
Standard Deviations
1to3 all
Test Options and Grand
4to24 4 Single- Within- Between-
Materials Average
25 to 50 5 Operator Laboratory Laboratory
Component ComponentComponent
over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or pieces
Option 1
Mat 6, S/0002H 7.13 0.19 0.17
...
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