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ASTM E3040-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray Scale

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray Scale

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gray scale grade GSC is useful to evaluate the color difference of any pair of colors that have been subjected to a destructive test whose severity of result is nominated by color difference of the treated member to the untreated member. This includes, but is not limited to, scrub tests, exterior exposures, crocking tests, blocking tests, certain abrasion tests, and color transfer tests.  
5.2 A major advantage of the instrumental method of obtaining gray scale grades is that under the visual method substantial screening and training of the operators in visual color assessment is required. No such burden is placed on the operators in this instrumental method.  
5.3 The method is usually not used for staining tests which have their own gray scale for staining.
SCOPE
1.1 Test Method D2616 describes a painted gray scale and the procedure to be used in the visual evaluation of color differences on non-self-luminous materials by comparison to this scale. This test method provides an alternative method of obtaining a similarly valued result by an instrumental method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard, except that the test results of this test method are converted by the calculations to an arbitrary visual scale defined by Test Method D2616, whose units are called GSC (Gray Scale for Change in Color).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2015
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.04 - Color and Appearance Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E3040-16 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray Scale
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D2616-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale
Effective Date
01-Nov-2015

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ASTM E3040-15 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray ScaleASTM E3040-15 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray Scale
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ASTM E3040-15 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray Scale
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E3040 − 15
StandardTest Method for
Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray
1
Scale
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 105-A05 Textiles—Tests for Colorfastness—Part A05
1.1 Test Method D2616 describes a painted gray scale and
Instrumental assessment of change in colour for determi-
the procedure to be used in the visual evaluation of color
nation of grey scale rating
differences on non-self-luminous materials by comparison to
4
2.3 AATCC Standards:
this scale. This test method provides an alternative method of
AATCC Evaluation Procedure 7 InstrumentalAssessment of
obtaining a similarly valued result by an instrumental method.
the Change in Color of a Test Specimen
5
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.4 JIS Standards:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
JIS L 0809 Instrumental determination of colour fastness —
standard, except that the test results of this test method are
Change in colour and staining
converted by the calculations to an arbitrary visual scale
3. Terminology
defined by Test Method D2616, whose units are called GS
C
(Gray Scale for Change in Color).
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.1 Definitions of appearance terms in Terminology E284
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
are applicable to this test method.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 color change, n—a change in color of any kind
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. whether in lightness, hue, or chroma or any combination of
these, discernible by comparing the test specimen with a
2. Referenced Documents
corresponding untested specimen.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.2 gray scale grade, GS , n—for color change, the
C
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
numerical value that is assigned to the change in color of a test
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
specimen as compared to an original or untreated specimen.
Coordinates
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
4. Summary of Test Method
ence With a Gray Scale
4.1 The color of a specimen that has been submitted to a
E284 Terminology of Appearance
destructive test whose severity is evaluated by change in color,
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
and an identical untreated specimen, are measured spectropho-
the CIE System
tometrically and both of their colors evaluated by conventional
E1164 PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
means. The conventional color difference attributes are con-
Color Evaluation
verted to a Gray Scale for Color Change by a series of
calculations.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.04 on Color
3
and Appearance Analysis. Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI: 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
10.1520/E3040-15. Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215, http://
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.aatcc.org.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Japanese StandardsAssociation (JSA), Mita MTBldg., 3-13-12
the ASTM website. Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan, http://www.jsa.or.jp.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3040 − 15
4.2 This test method is similar to the following three 9.2 Measure the color of the test specimen which has been
international test methods: AATCC Evaluation Procedure 7, subjected to the colorfastness test and make the same colori-
ISO 105-A05, and JIS L 0809. metric calculations as done for the reference specimen. Then
make the calculations as described in Annex A1.
5. Significance and Use
10. Calculation or Interpretation of Results
5.1 The gray scale grade GS is useful to evaluate the color
C
difference of any pair of colors that have be
...

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5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
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5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
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5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
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1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
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4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
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4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
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1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
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Standard Test Method for Obtaining Colorimetric Data From a Visual Display Unit by Spectroradiometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
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5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
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1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
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Standard Guide for Modeling the Colorimetric Properties of a CRT-Type Visual Display Unit

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5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

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5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM E1477-98a(2022)(Test Method)
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5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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