ASTM E998-05(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass in Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Nondestructive Method
Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass in Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Nondestructive Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is a standard procedure to determine a stress pattern and estimate a probability of breakage of glass tested under uniform static loads.
Loads on glass in windows, curtain walls, and doors may vary greatly in magnitude, direction, and duration. An understanding of wind loads on the building is required for selection of test loads and interpretation of results with respect to expected exposure at a particular site.
The strength of glass varies with many different factors including surface condition, load duration, geometry, relative humidity, and temperature (1, 2, 3, 4).
A thorough understanding of the variations of the strength of glass and the nature of loading is required to interpret results of this test method.
The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure, deflection and strain measurement, stress/strain relationships, and statistical estimating techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a nondestructive test procedure to establish the nature of stresses induced in glass subjected to uniform static loads. A procedure is provided for using this stress information to estimate the probability of breakage of the glass.
1.2 This test method is applicable to glass of various degrees of temper; for example, annealed, heat-strengthened, fully tempered, laminated, insulating, and combinations thereof.
1.3 This test method describes a process of applying specific test loads to glass. The test may be conducted using the standard test frame specified herein or a test frame of the user's design.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.
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Designation: E998 – 05 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Structural Performance of Glass in Windows, Curtain Walls,
and Doors Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by
1
Nondestructive Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 coeffıcient of variation—the ratio (decimal fraction) of
the standard deviation of the maximum principal tensile stress
1.1 This test method is a nondestructive test procedure to
(MPTS) at failure to the ABS.
establish the nature of stresses induced in glass subjected to
2.4 equivalent design load—a magnitude of a uniform load
uniform static loads. A procedure is provided for using this
and the load duration selected by the specifying authority to
stressinformationtoestimatetheprobabilityofbreakageofthe
represent design loads.
glass.
2.5 glass specimen—the glass to be tested, for example, a
1.2 This test method is applicable to glass of various
single lite, an insulating glass unit, laminated glass, and so
degrees of temper; for example, annealed, heat-strengthened,
forth (does not include test frame).
fully tempered, laminated, insulating, and combinations
2.6 maximum principal tensile stress (MPTS)—amaximum
thereof.
calculated tensile stress based on strain gage measurements.
1.3 Thistestmethoddescribesaprocessofapplyingspecific
2.7 negative load—aloadthatresultsintheindoorsideofa
test loads to glass. The test may be conducted using the
glass specimen being the high-pressure side.
standardtestframespecifiedhereinoratestframeoftheuser’s
2.8 permanent set of test frame—a load-induced permanent
design.
displacement from an original position of the test frame.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.9 positive load—a load that results in the outdoor side of
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
a glass specimen being the high-pressure side.
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
2.10 probability of breakage—the probability that a glass
tion only and are not considered standard.
specimenbreakswhentestedatagivenequivalentdesignload.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
General industry practice to express probability as lites per
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1000 lites.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.11 residual stress—an initial, state of stress on unloaded,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
unglazedglassresultingfromthemanufacturingprocess(heat-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
strengthening, tempering).
precautionary statements see Section 6.
2.12 specifying authority—the professional or professionals
2. Terminology
responsible for determining and furnishing the information
required to perform this test method as described in Section 9.
2.1 aspect ratio—a ratio of long side to short side of the
glass lite.
3. Summary of Test Method
2.2 average breaking stress (ABS)—the average maximum
3.1 This test method consists of:
principal tensile stress (MPTS) at failure, representative of the
3.1.1 Glazing the test specimen into a test frame that is
glass under test.TheABS is dependent on a number of factors
mounted on or against a test chamber.
including geometry, time history of load, surface condition,
3.1.2 Supplyingorexhaustingairfromthechamberatarate
and so forth. Glasses with residual surface stresses, such as
required to maintain a test-pressure difference across the test
heat-strengthened or fully tempered, must have their residual
specimen.
stresses added to the state of stress at the specified load. As
3.1.3 Measuring and observing deflections, deformations,
defined for use in the standard, theABS is for annealed glass.
specimen strains, and the nature of any failures.
3.1.4 Recording the results in an orderly manner.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
3.2 Methods of loading to nondestructive levels are pro-
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51
on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls. vided.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally
3.3 Test data are used to predict glass structural perfor-
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E998–05. DOI:
mance characteristics.
10.1520/E0998-05R11.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E998–05 Designation: E998 – 05 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Structural Performance of Glass in Windows, Curtain Walls,
and Doors Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by
1
Nondestructive Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is a nondestructive test procedure to establish the nature of stresses induced in glass subjected to uniform
static loads. A procedure is provided for using this stress information to estimate the probability of breakage of the glass.
1.2 This test method is applicable to glass of various degrees of temper; for example, annealed, heat-strengthened, fully
tempered, laminated, insulating, and combinations thereof.
1.3 This test method describes a process of applying specific test loads to glass. The test may be conducted using the standard
test frame specified herein or a test frame of the user’s design.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions
to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.
2. Terminology
2.1 aspect ratio—a ratio of long side to short side of the glass lite.
2.2 average breaking stress (ABS)—theaveragemaximumprincipaltensilestress(MPTS)atfailure,representativeoftheglass
under test.TheABS is dependent on a number of factors including geometry, time history of load, surface condition, and so forth.
Glasses with residual surface stresses, such as heat-strengthened or fully tempered, must have their residual stresses added to the
state of stress at the specified load. As defined for use in the standard, the ABS is for annealed glass.
2.3 coeffıcient of variation—the ratio (decimal fraction) of the standard deviation of the maximum principal tensile stress
(MPTS) at failure to the ABS.
2.4 equivalent design load—a magnitude of a uniform load and the load duration selected by the specifying authority to
represent design loads.
2.5 glass specimen—theglasstobetested,forexample,asinglelite,aninsulatingglassunit,laminatedglass,andsoforth(does
not include test frame).
2.6 maximum principal tensile stress (MPTS)— a maximum calculated tensile stress based on strain gage measurements.
2.7 negative load—a load that results in the indoor side of a glass specimen being the high-pressure side.
2.8 permanent set of test frame—a load-induced permanent displacement from an original position of the test frame.
2.9 positive load—a load that results in the outdoor side of a glass specimen being the high-pressure side.
2.10 probability of breakage—the probability that a glass specimen breaks when tested at a given equivalent design load.
General industry practice to express probability as lites per 1000 lites.
2.11 residual stress—an initial, state of stress on unloaded, unglazed glass resulting from the manufacturing process
(heat-strengthening, tempering).
2.12 specifying authority—theprofessionalorprofessionalsresponsiblefordeterminingandfurnishingtheinformationrequired
to perform this test method as described in Section 9.
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 This test method consists of:
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE06onPerformanceofBuildingsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE06.51onPerformance
of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005.2011. Published November 2005.October 2011. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 19992005 as
E998–84(1999).E998–05. DOI: 10.1520/E0998-05R11.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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E998 – 05 (2011)
3.1.1 Glazing the test specimen into a te
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