ASTM D2412-96a

Standard Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of load-deflection characteristics of plastic pipe under parallel-plate loading.
1.2 This test method covers thermoplastic resin pipe, reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP).
1.3 The characteristics determined by this test method are pipe stiffness, stiffness factor, and load at specific deflections.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1—While this test method can be used in measuring the pipe stiffness of corrugated plastic pipe or tubing, special conditions and procedures are used. These details are included in the product standards, for example, Specification F 405.
1.5 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Apr-2002
• ICS: 83.120 - Reinforced plastics
• Technical Committee: F17 - Plastic Piping Systems
• Drafting Committee: F17.40 - Test Methods

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D2412-02 - Standard Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F810-12(2018) - Standard Specification for Smoothwall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe for Use in Drainage and Waste Disposal Absorption Fields
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D2517-18 - Standard Specification for Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and Fittings
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D2997-21 - Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F667/F667M-16(2021) - Standard Specification for 3 through 24 in. Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F679-21 - Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F3430-20 - Standard Specification for Closed-Cell Cellular Polypropylene (PP) Corrugated Wall Stormwater Collection Chambers
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D3517-19 - Standard Specification for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pressure Pipe
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F1901-22 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Roof Drain Systems
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D5677-17 - Standard Specification for Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Pipe Fittings, Adhesive Bonded Joint Type, for Aviation Jet Turbine Fuel Lines
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D3754-19 - Standard Specification for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Sewer and Industrial Pressure Pipe
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F2160-22a - Standard Specification for Solid Wall High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Conduit Based on Controlled Outside Diameter (OD)
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F2562/F2562M-15(2019) - Specification for Steel Reinforced Thermoplastic Ribbed Pipe and Fittings for Non-Pressure Drainage and Sewerage
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F758-14(2023) - Standard Specification for Smooth-Wall Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Underdrain Systems for Highway, Airport, and Similar Drainage
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F512-19 - Standard Specification for Smooth-Wall Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Conduit and Fittings for Underground Installation
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: D 2412 – 96a
Standard Test Method for
Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic
Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope moplastic Pipe and Fittings
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.1 This test method covers the determination of load-
ASTM Test Methods
deflection characteristics of plastic pipe under parallel-plate
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
loading.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 This test method covers thermoplastic resin pipe, rein-
F 405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Tub-
forced thermosetting resin (RTRP) pipe, and reinforced plastic
ing and Fittings
mortar (RPMP) pipe.
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
1.3 The characteristics determined by this test method are
pipe stiffness, stiffness factor, and load at specific deflections.
3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1 Definitions: Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
nology F 412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Ter-
information only.
minology D 1600, unless otherwise specified.
NOTE 1—While this test method can be used in measuring the pipe
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
stiffness of corrugated plastic pipe or tubing, special conditions and
3.2.1 Dy—measured change of the inside diameter in the
procedures are used. These details are included in the product standards,
direction of load application expressed in inches (millimetres).
for example, Specification F 405.
3.2.2 initial inside diameter (d)—the average of the inside
1.5 The text of this test method references notes and
diameters as determined for the several test specimens and
footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and
expressed in inches (millimetres).
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
3.2.3 load (F)—the load applied to the pipe to produce a
considered as requirements of the test method.
given percentage deflection. Expressed as newtons per metre or
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
pounds-force per linear inch.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.4 mean radius (r)—the mid-wall radius determined by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
subtracting the average wall thickness from the average outside
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
diameter and dividing the difference by two. Expressed as
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
inches (millimetres).
3.2.5 pipe deflection (P)—the ratio of the reduction in pipe
2. Referenced Documents
inside diameter to the initial inside diameter expressed as the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
percentage of the initial inside diameter.
D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
3.2.6 pipe significant events:
Plastics
3.2.6.1 liner cracking or crazing—the occurrence of a break
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
or network of fine breaks in the liner visible to the unaided eye.
Plastics
3.2.6.2 rupture—a crack or break extending entirely or
D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
partly through the pipe wall.
NOTE 2—The significant events listed may or may not occur in a
1 specific pipe material.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F–17 on Plastic
Piping Systemsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40on Test
3.2.6.3 wall cracking—the occurence of a break in the pipe
Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1996. Published November 1997. Originally
published as D 2412 – 65 T. Last previous edition D 2412 – 96. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2412
wall visible to the unaided eye. 6.3 Deformation (Deflection) Indicator— The change in
3.2.6.4 wall delamination—the occurrence of any separa- inside diameter, or deformation parallel to the direction of
tion in the components of the pipe wall visible to the unaided loading, shall be measured with a suitable instrument meeting
eye. the requirements of Test Method D 695, except that the
3.2.7 pipe stiffness (PS)—the value obtained by dividing the instrument shall be accurate to the nearest 0.010 in. (0.25 mm).
force per unit length of specimen by the resulting deflection in The instrument shall not support the pipe test specimen or the
the same units at the prescribed percentage deflection. plate or affect in any way the load deflection measurements.
3.2.8 stiffness factor (SF)—the product of pipe stiffness and Changes in diameter are measured during loading by continu-
the quantity 0.149 r . ously recording plate travel or by periodically computing it.
3.2.9 Discussion—The “pipe stiffness” and “stiffness fac-
7. Test Specimens
tor” are related as follows:
7.1 For thermoplastic pipe, the test specimen shall be a
PS 5 F/Dy (1)
piece of pipe 6 6 ⁄8in. (150 6 3 mm) long.
3 3
SF 5 EI 5 0.149 Fr /Dy 5 0.149 r ~PS! (2)
7.2 For reinforced thermosetting resin pipe, the minimum
test specimen length shall be three times the nominal pipe
NOTE 3—See Appendix X2 for information relating PS, E, and Dy.
diameter or 12.0 in. (300 mm), whichever is smaller. For pipe
4. Summary of Test Method
larger than 60 in. (1524 mm) in diameter, the minimum
4.1 A short length of pipe is loaded between two rigid specimen length shall be 20 % of the nominal diameter
adjusted to the nearest 1 in. (25.4 mm).
parallel flat plates at a controlled rate of approach to one
another. Load-deflection (of the pipe diameter) data are ob- 7.3 The ends of specimens shall be cut square and shall be
free of burrs and jagged edges.
tained. If cracking, crazing, delamination, or rupture occurs,
the corresponding load and deflection are recorded. 7.4 No less than three specimens shall be tested for each
sample of pipe.
5. Significance and Use
NOTE 6—For quality control testing a single specimen may be used
5.1 The external loading properties of plastic pipe obtained
with the thinnest wall at the top.
by this test method are used for the following:
7.5 Certain RTRP pipes exhibit surface irregularity because
5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe. This is a
the production process is inside diameter controlled. To assure
function of the pipe dimensions and the physical properties of
accurate test results by parallel-plate loading, the test specimen
the material of which the pipe is made.
must be uniformly loaded along its entire bearing surface. If
5.1.2 To determine the load-deflection characteristics and
surface irregularities (resin-rich areas) along the outside diam-
pipe stiffness which are used for engineering design (see
eter prevent the bearing load from being uniformly distributed
Appendix X1).
along the length of the specimen, the outside surface along the
5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics in
loading line shall be sanded smooth by hand. This sanding
pipe form.
shall only be done if the reinforcement is not damaged. Note
5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions and deflec-
that sanding shall be done only along the plate contact lines.
tion properties of plastic pipe and conduit.
5.1.5 To measure the deflection and load-resistance at any of
8. Conditioning
several significant events if they occur during the test.
8.1 Condition pipe for at least4hinair,ata temperature of
73.4 6 3.6°F (23 6 2°C), and conduct the test in a room
6. Apparatus
maintained at the same temperature.
6.1 Testing Machine—A properly calibrated compression
8.2 When a referee test is required, condition specimens for
testing machine of the constant-rate-of-crosshead movement
at least 40 h at 73.4 6 3.6°F (23 6 2°C) and 506 5 % relative
type meeting the requirements of Test Method D 695 shall be
humidity and conduct the test under the same conditions.
used to make the tests. The rate of head approach shall be
0.506 0.02 in. (12.5 6 0.5 mm)/min.
9. Procedure
NOTE 4—Hydraulic testing machines that may vary slightly from these
9.1 Make the following measurements on each specimen:
rate limits are commonly used and are satisfactory for testing RTRP and
9.1.1 Determine the length of each specimen to the nearest
RPMP pipe 24-in. (610-mm) size and larger.
⁄32 in. (1 mm) or better, by making and averaging at least four
6.2 Loading Plates—The load shall be applied to the equally spaced measurements around the perimeter.
specimen through two parallel steel bearing plates. The plates 9.1.2 Measure the wall thickness of each specimen in
shall be flat, smooth, and clean. The thickness of the plates accordance with Test Method D 2122. Make at least eight
shall be sufficient so that no bending or deformation occurs measurements equally spaced around one end and calculate the
during the test, but it shall not be less than 0.25 in. (6.0 mm). average wall thickness.
The plate length shall equal or exceed the specimen length and 9.1.3 Determine whether a line of minimum wall thickness
the plate width shall not be less than the pipe contact width at exists along the length of the specimen and if so mark it for use
maximum pipe deflection plus 6.0 in. (150 mm). in 9.2.1.
NOTE 5—For some types of testing machines a greater plate thickness NOTE 7—On RTRP and RPMP pipe measurements may be made at both
may be required to limit plate bending. ends.
D 2412
3 3 2 3
9.1.4 Determine the average outside diameter to the nearest
SF 5 0.149 r ·PS in. ·lbf/in. ~Pa· m !
0.01 in. (0.2 mm) using a circumferential wrap tape or by (4)
averaging the maximum and minimum outside diameters as
10.3 When required, calculate the percentage pipe deflec-
measured with a micrometer or caliper.
tion, P, as follows:
9.1.5 For OD-controlled pipe calculate the average pipe
P5Dy/d 3 100
inside diameter (ID) by subtracting two times the average of all
(5)
wall thicknesses (9.1.2) from the average of all outside
diameters (9.1.4). For ID-controlled pipe determine the aver-
11. Report
age ID by measuring the maximum and minimum inside
11.1 Report the following information:
diameters. Use this average ID as the basis for computing the
11.1.1 Complete identification of the mat
...