ASTM E915-16

Standard Test Method for Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray Diffraction Instrumentation for Residual Stress Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of verifying instrument alignment in order to quantify and minimize systematic experimental error in X-ray diffraction residual stress measurement. This method is suitable for application to conventional diffractometers or to X-ray diffraction instrumentation of either the diverging or parallel beam types.3, 4  
4.2 Application of this test method requires the use of a flat specimen of stress-free material that produces diffraction in the angular region of the diffraction peak to be used for stress measurement. The specimen must be sufficiently fine-grained and isotropic so that large numbers of individual crystals contribute to the diffraction peak produced. The crystals must provide intense diffraction at all angles of tilt, ψ, which will be employed (see Note 1).  
Note 1: Complete freedom from preferred orientation in the stressfree specimen is, however, not critical in the application of the technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the preparation and use of a flat stress-free test specimen for the purpose of checking the systematic error caused by instrument misalignment or sample positioning in X-ray diffraction residual stress measurement, or both.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to apparatus intended for X-ray diffraction macroscopic residual stress measurement in polycrystalline samples employing measurement of a diffraction peak position in the high-back reflection region, and in which the θ, 2θ, and ψ rotation axes can be made to coincide (see Fig. 1).  
1.3 This test method describes the use of iron powder which has been investigated in round-robin studies for the purpose of verifying the alignment of instrumentation intended for stress measurement in ferritic or martensitic steels. To verify instrument alignment prior to stress measurement in other metallic alloys and ceramics, powder having the same or lower diffraction angle as the material to be measured should be prepared in similar fashion and used to check instrument alignment.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jul-2016
• ICS: 19.100 - Non-destructive testing
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.13 - Residual Stress Measurement

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E915-10 - Standard Test Method for Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray Diffraction Instrumentation for Residual Stress Measurement
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2016
• Referred By: ASTM E2860-20 - Standard Test Method for Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction for Bearing Steels
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E915 −16
Standard Test Method for
Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray Diffraction Instrumentation
1
for Residual Stress Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E915; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 In addition, the following common term from Termi-
nology E6 is defined:
1.1 This test method covers the preparation and use of a flat
-2
3.1.2 residualstress[FL ],n—stressinabodythatisatrest
stress-free test specimen for the purpose of checking the
and in equilibrium and at uniform temperature in the absence
systematic error caused by instrument misalignment or sample
of external and mass forces.
positioninginX-raydiffractionresidualstressmeasurement,or
both.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 This test method is applicable to apparatus intended for
4.1 This test method provides a means of verifying instru-
X-ray diffraction macroscopic residual stress measurement in
ment alignment in order to quantify and minimize systematic
polycrystalline samples employing measurement of a diffrac-
experimentalerrorinX-raydiffractionresidualstressmeasure-
tion peak position in the high-back reflection region, and in
ment. This method is suitable for application to conventional
which the θ,2θ, and ψ rotation axes can be made to coincide
diffractometersortoX-raydiffractioninstrumentationofeither
(see Fig. 1). 3, 4
the diverging or parallel beam types.
1.3 Thistestmethoddescribestheuseofironpowderwhich
4.2 Application of this test method requires the use of a flat
has been investigated in round-robin studies for the purpose of
specimenofstress-freematerialthatproducesdiffractioninthe
verifying the alignment of instrumentation intended for stress
angular region of the diffraction peak to be used for stress
measurement in ferritic or martensitic steels. To verify instru-
measurement. The specimen must be sufficiently fine-grained
ment alignment prior to stress measurement in other metallic
and isotropic so that large numbers of individual crystals
alloys and ceramics, powder having the same or lower diffrac-
contribute to the diffraction peak produced. The crystals must
tionangleasthematerialtobemeasuredshouldbepreparedin
provideintensediffractionatallanglesoftilt, ψ,whichwillbe
similar fashion and used to check instrument alignment.
employed (see Note 1).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE1—Completefreedomfrompreferredorientationinthestressfree
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specimen is, however, not critical in the application of the technique.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5. Procedure
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Instrument Alignment:
5.1.1 Align the X-ray diffraction instrumentation to be used
2. Referenced Documents
forresidualstressmeasurementinaccordancewiththeinstruc-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tions supplied by the manufacturer. In general, this alignment
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
must achieve the following, whether the θ,2θ, and ψ axes are
variable or fixed (see Fig. 1):
3. Terminology
5.1.1.1 The θ,2θ, and ψ axes shall coincide.
3.1 The definitions of mechanical testing terms that appear
5.1.1.2 The incident X-ray beam shall be centered on the ψ
in Terminology E6 apply to this test method.
and2θaxes,withinafocusingrange,whichwillconformtothe
desired error and precision tolerances (see Sections 6 and 7).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
5.1.1.3 TheX-raytubefocalspot,the ψand2θaxes,andthe
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on
Residual Stress Measurement.
receiving slit positioned at 2θ equals zero degrees shall be on
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E915–10. DOI:
3
10.1520/E0915-16. Hilley, M. E., Larson, J.A., Jatczak, C. F., and Ricklefs, R. E., eds., Residual
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Stress Measurement by X-ray Diffraction, SAE J784a, Society of Automotive
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Engrs., Inc., Warrendale, PA (1971 ).
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on “Standard Method for X-Ray Stress Measurement,” Committee on Mechanical
the ASTM website. Behavior of Materials, The Society of Materials Science, Japan, (20 April 1973).
Copyright © ASTM International, 10
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E915 − 10 E915 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray Diffraction Instrumentation
1
for Residual Stress Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E915; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the preparation and use of a flat stress-free test specimen for the purpose of checking the systematic
error caused by instrument misalignment or sample positioning in X-ray diffraction residual stress measurement, or both.
1.2 This test method is applicable to apparatus intended for X-ray diffraction macroscopic residual stress measurement in
polycrystalline samples employing measurement of a diffraction peak position in the high-back reflection region, and in which the
θ, 2θ, and ψ rotation axes can be made to coincide (see Fig. 1).
1.3 This test method describes the use of iron powder which has been investigated in round-robin studies for the purpose of
verifying the alignment of instrumentation intended for stress measurement in ferritic or martensitic steels. To verify instrument
alignment prior to stress measurement in other metallic alloys and ceramics, powder having the same or lower diffraction angle
as the material to be measured should be prepared in similar fashion and used to check instrument alignment.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E11E6 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesTerminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 The definitions of mechanical testing terms that appear in Terminology E6 apply to this test method.
3.1.1 In addition, the following common term from Terminology E6 is defined:
-2
3.1.2 residual stress [FL ], n—stress in a body that is at rest and in equilibrium and at uniform temperature in the absence of
external and mass forces.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method provides a means of verifying instrument alignment in order to quantify and minimize systematic
experimental error in X-ray diffraction residual stress measurement. This method is suitable for application to conventional
3, 4
diffractometers or to X-ray diffraction instrumentation of either the diverging or parallel beam types.
4.2 Application of this test method requires the use of a flat specimen of stress-free material that produces diffraction in the
angular region of the diffraction peak to be used for stress measurement. The specimen must be sufficiently fine-grained and
isotropic so that large numbers of individual crystals contribute to the diffraction peak produced. The crystals must provide intense
diffraction at all angles of tilt, ψ, which will be employed (see Note 1).
NOTE 1—Complete freedom from preferred orientation in the stressfree specimen is, however, not critical in the application of the technique.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on Residual Stress
Measurement.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010Aug. 1, 2016. Published July 2010August 2016. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20022010 as
E915 – 96 (2002).E915 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/E0915-10.10.1520/E0915-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Hilley, M. E., Larson, J. A., Jatczak, C. F., and Ricklefs, R. E., eds., Residual Stress Measurement by X-ray Diffraction, SAE J784a, Society of Automotive Engrs., Inc.,
Warrendale, PA (1971 ).
4
“Standard Method for X-Ray Stress Measurement,” Committee on Mechanical Behavior of Materials, The Society of Materials Science, Japan, (20 April 1973).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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E915 − 16
FIG. 1 X-Ray
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