ASTM D5747-95a(2002)

Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to provide a list of standard procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resistance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.
Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a quantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis of standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognized that chemical resistance is a user judgement evaluation and that this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice. As a practice, this does not produce a test result.
Note 2—This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-1995
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.02 - Endurance Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5747-95a - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1995
• Replaced By: ASTM D5747-08 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D6213-17 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geogrids to Liquids
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1995
• Referred By: ASTM D5322-17 - Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1995

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5747–95a (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Practice for
Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of
Geomembranes to Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
Sheeting
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes,
D 1004 Test Method for Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic
prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid
Film and Sheeting
wastes.
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by Density-
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-
Gradient Technique
crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced
D 2240 Test Method of Rubber Property-Durometer Hard-
geomembranes.
ness
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with
D 3417 TestMethodforHeatsofFusionandCrystallization
Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both. The scope of this
of Polymers by Thermal Analysis
practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for
D 3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures of Poly-
unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.
mers by Thermal Analysis
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the
D 3895 Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Poly-
scope of this practice.
olefins by Thermal Analysis
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 4437 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Field
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Geomembranes
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 4439 Terminology for Geotextiles
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
D 4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory
tionary statements are given in Section 7.
Seams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible Sheet
2. Referenced Documents
Geomembranes
D 4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Geotextiles, Geomembranes, and Related Products
C 717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
D 5199 Test Method for Measuring Nominal Thickness of
D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
Geotextiles and Geomembranes
plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension
D 5322 Practice for Immersion Procedures for Evaluating
D 413 Test Method for Rubber Property-Adhesion to Flex-
the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
ible Substrate
D 5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus
D 624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional
of Polyethylene Geomembranes
Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomer
D 5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-
D 751 Method of Testing Coated Fabrics
stant Tensile Load Test
D 5496 Practice for In-Situ Immersion Testing of Geosyn-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
thetics
theticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance
E 793 Test Method for Heats of Fusion and Crystallinity by
Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published May 1996. Originally
published as D 5747 – 95. Last previous edition D 5747 – 95.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
3 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
4 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
5 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5747–95a (2002)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry retraction. (D 412, D-11)
E 794 Test Method for Melting and Crystallization by 3.1.12 thermoplastic, n—a plastic that repeatedly can be
Thermal Analysis softened by heating and hardened by cooling through a
F 1251 Terminology Relating to Polymeric Biomaterials in temperature range characteristic of the plastic, and that in the
Medical and Surgical Devices softened state can be shaped by flow into articles by molding
2.2 Government Standard: or extrusion. (F 1251, F-4)
EPA/600/2-88/052, Lining ofWaste Containment and Other 3.2 For definitions of other terms related to geomembranes,
Impoundment Facilities refer to Terminology D 4439.
2.3 NSF Standard: 3.3 For definition of other terms related to plastics, refer to
NSF Standard 54, Flexible Membrane Liners Terminology D 883.
2.4 FTMS Standard:
4. Summary of Practice
FTMS 101C, Method 2031 Test Method for Preservation,
Packaging, and Package Materials: Test Procedures
4.1 This practice defines test methods and procedures for
evaluating the resistance of geomembranes to liquid exposure
3. Terminology
by monitoring physical and chemical properties of geomem-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
brane coupons immersed in a test liquid. The physical condi-
3.1.1 chemical resistance, n—for geosynthetics, the extent tion of the geomembrane is monitored as a function of
to which a material or product retains its as-manufactured cumulative exposure time by means of dimensional measure-
physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to im- ments, and physical and chemical property tests.
mersion or contact with a foreign substance.
3.1.2 coupon, n—a portion of a material or laboratory
sample from which multiple specimens can be taken for
testing.
NOTE 1—See Fig. 1 for the relationship between sample, coupon, and
specimen.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—See Fig. 1 for the relationship between
sample, coupon, and specimen.
3.1.3 elastomer, n—a macromolecular material that returns
rapidly to approximately the initial dimensions and shape after
substantial deformation by a weak stress and release of the
stress. (C 717, C-24)
3.1.4 elastomeric, adj—having the characteristics of an
elastomer. (C 717, C-24)
3.1.5 fabric-reinforced, adj—structurally reinforced mate-
rial made by incorporating geotextile.
3.1.6 flood coating, n—the process of placing a layer(s) of
adhesive or polymer on the edges of cut, fabric-reinforced
geomembranes in order to prevent exposure of the fabric to an
environment.
3.1.7 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geo-
FIG. 1 Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes
synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
(D 4439)
3.1.8 plasticized, adj—having had a plasticizer added.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.9 plasticizer, n—a substance incorporated into a mate-
rial to increase its workability, flexibility, or distensibility.
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard
(D 883, D-20) procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resis-
3.1.10 semi-crystalline, n—a solid that contains a mixture
tance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or
of both crystalline and amorphous regions. chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other
3.1.11 tensile set, n—represents residual deformation which
specifications required for the particular situation being ad-
is partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and dressed.
5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a
quantifiableterm.Thispracticeisintendedtoprovideabasisof
9 standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
chemicalresistanceofageomembrane.Itshouldberecognized
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 13.01.
National Technical Information Service, PB-89-129670.
thatchemicalresistanceisauserjudgementevaluationandthat
Copies can be obtained from National Sanitation Foundation International,
this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the
3475 Plymouth Road, PO Box 1468, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice.
Copies can be obtained from Global Engineering Documents, 2805 McDermit
Ave., Irvine, CA 92714. As a practice, this does not produce a test result.
D5747–95a (2002)
NOTE 2—This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of
9. Conditioning
geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for
9.1 Conditioning—Condition samples at 21 6 2°C (70 6
geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners.
4°F) and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 % for not less
Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under
than 40 h prior to weighing or baseline testing and immersion,
investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the poten-
tially harsh chemical environment under consideration. or combination thereof.
6. Apparatus 10. Procedure
10.1 Immerse the geomembrane in the test solution as
6.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to an accuracy
specified in Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both.
of 0.001 g.
10.2 Immerse a sufficient number of coupons to perform the
6.2 Dead Weight Micrometer(s), meeting the requirements
required testing for each of the immersion periods.
of Test Methods D 638, D 751, or D 5199, or combination
10.3 Immerse additional pieces of geomembrane for weight
thereof, capable of measuring thicknesses to an accuracy of
changes, thickness changes, and volatile loss for each immer-
0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.).
sion period. Record the weight of the specimens to an accuracy
6.3 Air Circulating Oven,capableofmaintainingatempera-
of at least 0.1 % of the specimen’s weight. Record the
ture of 105 6 2°C.
thickness of the specimens to an accuracy of 0.0025 mm
6.4 All other required equipment is specified in the refer-
(0.0001 in.).
enced test method standards. Refer to the appropriate standards
10.4 Remove a sufficient number of coupons at the pre-
for a description of the apparatus necessary to perform those
scribed test period for the required testing. Rinse each coupon
tests.
with deionized water and blot dry with water-absorbent,
lint-free paper towels to remove any visible liquid or solid
7. Hazards
residue on the coupon surface. Allow elevated temperature
NOTE 3—Warning: The solutions used in this practice may contain
coupons to cool to room temperature in a sample of immersion
hazardous chemicals. Appropriate precautions must be taken when han-
fluid. Store coupons in an airtight container or bag with as little
dling hazardous waste, chemicals, and the immersion solutions. Protective
air as possible when not being used or tested in order to
equipment suitable for the chemicals being used must be worn by all
minimize moisture or volatile loss, or both. Keep cut speci-
personnel handling or exposed to the chemicals. Particular care should be
mens in an airtight container between tests.
taken when opening storage vessels at elevated temperatures due to the
increased volatility of organics and the increased activity of acids and
10.5 The tests to be performed on the geomembrane are
bases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spilling of hazardous
listed in Sections 11 through 20 for each of the four types of
materials and provisions must be made to clean up any accidental spills
geomembranes addressed by this practice. The tests consist of
which do occur.
required testing to be done on the geomembrane and recom-
mended testing to be performed at the discretion of the user.
8. Sampling
Conduct recommended tests whenever possible as this data
8.1 Determine the number and dimensions of the test
willaidintheinterpretationofthefinaltestresults.Allthetests
specimens according to the requirements of the dimensional
should be completed on the unexposed geomembrane as well
measurements and physical/chemical property tests to be
as on the exposed material after each test period. Test twice as
performed, the duration of the immersion, and the number of
many specimens as listed below on the unexposed material in
test intervals.
order to increase precision of baseline data.
8.2 Sample in accordance with the respective test methods
10.6 Testing (except the extractables test) of the material
selected.
exposed to the leachate must be done within 24 h of removal
8.3 Cut the geomembrane coupons so that they are repre-
from the test solution.
sentative of the geomembrane being evaluated. Discard cou-
pons that contain scratches or other imperfections that might 11. Required Testing, All Geomembranes
affect the test results.
11.1 Weight Change—After each period, remove three pre-
weighed pieces of geomembrane from the liquid, quickly blot
NOTE 4—Since rate of leachate absorption is a function of thickness
and can have an impact on the test results, the geomembrane coupons dry with water-absorbent, lint-free paper towels any visible
should be as close in thickness as possible.
liquid or solid residue on the specimen surface, and weigh to
the nearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent weight change to the
8.4 Mix the selected coupons in a random fashion and then
nearest 0.1 %.
re-select coupons for the immersion and baseline testing.
8.5 Cut individual test specimens for thickness, weight, and
NOTE 6—Extra care should be taken to completely dry textured
surfacestoavoidanapparentincreaseinweightcausedbyresidualsurface
volatile loss measurements. Specimens may be of any size for
moisture.
which accurate and repeatable measurements can be made. Cut
specimensfromsheetstockusingadietoensureconsistencyof
11.2 Dimension Changes—Measure thickness as directed in
dimensions.
Test Methods D 751, D 638, or D 5199 to the nearest 0.0025
mm (0.0001 in.) at three locations near the center of the pieces
2 2
NOTE 5—Circularspecimens7.98cm (3.14in. )havebeenfoundtobe
of geomembrane used for weight changes before and after
satisfactory for thickness, weight, and volatile loss measurements. The
immersion. Measure length and width (machine and transverse
same individual specimen may be used for thickness, weight, and volatile
loss measurements if desired. directions)attwolocationsonthesheetsofgeomembraneused
D5747–95a (2002)
for the physical testing before and after immersion. Calculate 13. Recommended Testing, Group 1 Geomembranes
percent changes to the nearest 0.1 %. (Non-Reinforced)
11.3 Volatile Loss—Dry the pieces of geomembrane from
13.1 Seam PeelAdhesion—UsePracticesD 4
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