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ASTM D5747-08

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids

Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to provide a list of standard procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resistance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.
Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a quantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis of standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognized that chemical resistance is a user judgement evaluation and that this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice. As a practice, this does not produce a test result.
Note 2—This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2008
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.02 - Endurance Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5747-95a(2002) - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D5747/D5747M-08(2013)e1 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Referred By
ASTM D5322-17 - Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6213-17 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geogrids to Liquids
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5747 − 08
StandardPractice for
Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of
1
Geomembranes to Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of
Sheeting
geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes,
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
wastes.
D1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-
Plastic Film and Sheeting
crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
geomembranes.
Gradient Technique
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with
Practice D5322 or Practice D5496, or both. The scope of this ness
D3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalli-
practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for
unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples. zation of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3
(DSC) (Withdrawn 2004)
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the
D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-
scope of this practice.
thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D4437 Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for De-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
termining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible
tionary statements are given in Section 7.
Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
2. Referenced Documents
D4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Seams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible Sheet
3
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
Geomembranes (Withdrawn 2008)
D412 Test Methods forVulcanized Rubber andThermoplas-
D4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of
tic Elastomers—Tension
Geomembranes and Related Products
D413 TestMethodsforRubberProperty—AdhesiontoFlex-
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
ible Substrate
of Geosynthetics
D624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vul-
D5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for
canized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Liquids
D5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus
for Polyethylene Geomembranes
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
D5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-
theticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance
tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-
Properties.
stant Tensile Load Test
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved
in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5747 – 95a(2002). DOI: D5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-
10.1520/D5747-08.
thetics
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5747 − 08
E793 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalliza- 3.1.11 tensile set, n—represents residual deformation which
tion by Differential Scanning Calorimetry is partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and
E794 Test Method for MeltingAnd CrystallizationTempera- retraction.
tures By Thermal Analysis
3.1.12 thermoplastic, n—a plastic that repeatedly can be
F1251 Terminology Relating to Polymeric Biomaterials in
softened by heating and hardened by cooling through a
3
Medical a
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5747–95a (Reapproved 2002) Designation:D5747–08
Standard Practice for
Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of
1
Geomembranes to Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared
chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both. The scope of this
practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
D 412Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension Test Methods
for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersTension
3
D 413Test Method for Rubber Property-Adhesion to Flexible Substrate Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion to
Flexible Substrate
D 624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D 751Method of Testing Coated Fabrics Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
D 882 Test MethodsMethod for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
6
D 883Terminology Relating to Plastics Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 907 Terminology of Adhesives
D 1004 Test Method for Initial Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
3
D 2240Test Method of Rubber Property-Durometer Hardness Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hardness
D 3417Test Method for Heats of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Thermal Analysis Test Method for Enthalpies of
Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
7
D 3418Test Method for Transition Temperatures of Polymers by Thermal Analysis Test Method for Transition Temperatures
and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
7
D 3895Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Polyolefins by Thermal Analysis Test Method for Oxidative-Induction
Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
D 4437 Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Field Seams Used in Joining Flexible
Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
8
D 4439Terminology for Geotextiles Terminology for Geosynthetics
D 4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory Seams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible Sheet Geomembranes
D 4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geotextiles, Geomembranes, Geomembranes and Related Products
8
D 5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geotextiles and Geomembranes Geosynthetics
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published May 1996. Originally published as D5747–95. Last previous edition D5747–95.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5747 – 95a(2002).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.07.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ------
...

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ASTM D6637/D6637M-15(2023)(Test Method)
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SCOPE
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ASTM D7006-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice covers test arrangements, measurement techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic testing.  
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1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7106/D7106M-05(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides guidance to obtain data that is the most representative of the material’s characteristics and performance. To properly evaluate EPDM, tests should be performed in accordance with specific test methods and procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) geomembranes used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for three different types of EPDM geomembranes including: scrim-reinforced membranes, composite membranes, and smooth, nonreinforced membranes.  
1.3 The test methods are divided into three categories including manufacturing quality control, optional performance tests, and seam testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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