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ASTM E45-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel

Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.
Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicatesthe last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 12.2.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.
The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm (1/64 in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type.
The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1, these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting process and production ma...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.
1.2 This practice covers procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ^REFERENCE:
ASTM Standards:
E3 Guide for Prep...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2011
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.09 - Inclusions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E45-10e1 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Replaced By
ASTM E45-11a - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM A909/A909M-06(2021) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8503-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Scuffing Temperature Limit of Lubricating Oils Using the SRV Test Machine
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM A1099/A1099M-20 - Standard Specification for Modified Alloy Steel Forgings, Forged Bar, and Rolled Bar Commonly Used in Oil and Gas Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM E2142-08(2015) - Standard Test Methods for Rating and Classifying Inclusions in Steel Using the Scanning Electron Microscope
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM E588-03(2020) - Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM F1376-92(2020) - Standard Guide for Metallurgical Analysis for Gas Distribution System Components (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM A920/A920M-14(2019) - Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Microalloy, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical Properties
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM F2527-16 - Standard Specification for Wrought Seamless and Welded and Drawn Cobalt Alloy Small Diameter Tubing for Surgical Implants (UNS R30003, UNS R30008, UNS R30035, UNS R30605, and UNS R31537)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM F1466-20 - Standard Specification for Iron-Nickel-Cobalt Alloys for Metal-to-Ceramic Sealing Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM A534-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Carburizing Steels for Anti-Friction Bearings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM A232/A232M-18 - Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Valve Spring Quality Wire
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM A576-17 - Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM C1187-20a - Standard Guide for Establishing Surveillance Test Program for Boron-based Neutron Absorbing Material Systems for Use in Nuclear Fuel Storage Racks in Pool Environment
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E45 – 11
Standard Test Methods for
1
Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E45; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized 2.1 ASTM Standards:
procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
methods include five generally accepted systems of examina- Blooms, and Forgings
tion. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
a category based on similarities in morphology, and not E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for
necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic tech- Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
niques that allow simple differentiation between morphologi- E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-
cally similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the meth- Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image
ods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents Analysis
such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and interme- E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
tallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic E1951 GuideforCalibratingReticlesandLightMicroscope
methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated Magnifications
3
using one or more of these methods; the methods will be 2.2 SAE Standards:
described in terms of their use on steels. J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclu-
1.2 ThesetestmethodscoverprocedurestoperformJK-type sions in Steel
3
inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance 2.3 Aerospace Material Specifications:
with microscopic methods A and D. AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness:
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic
determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two Particle Inspection Procedure
methods, may be found most satisfactory. AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test Corrosion-Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Inspection
methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining Procedure
or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel. AMS 2304, Special Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness:
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
4
standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are ap- 2.4 ISO Standards:
proximate. ISO 3763, Wrought Steels—Macroscopic Methods for As-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the sessing the Content of Nonmetallic Inclusions
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ISO 4967, Steel—Determination of Content of Nonmetallic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Inclusions—Micrographic Methods Using Standard Dia-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- grams
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclu- the ASTM website.
3
sions. Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
´1 4
approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E45 –10 . DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E0045-11. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E45–11
2.5 ASTM Adjuncts: oxide). Paragraph 12.2.1 describes a
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E45–10 Designation: E45 – 11
Standard Test Methods for
1
Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E45; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—For consistency, references to “Practice” E45 were editorially corrected to “Test Methods” E45 in March 2011.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought
steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five
generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on
similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple
differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for
rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some
of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods
will be described in terms of their use on steels.
1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance
with microscopic methods A and D.
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining
the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or
establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope Magnifications
3
2.2 SAE Standards:
J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclusions in Steel
3
2.3 Aerospace Material Specifications:
AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclusions.
´3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E45–05 . DOI:
10.1520/E0045-10.
´1
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E45 –10 . DOI: 10.1520/E0045-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E45–11
AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E45–10 Designation: E45 – 11
Standard Test Methods for
1
Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E45; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—For consistency, references to “Practice” E45 were editorially corrected to “Test Methods” E45 in March 2011.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought
steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five
generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on
similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple
differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for
rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some
of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods
will be described in terms of their use on steels.
1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance
with microscopic methods A and D.
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining
the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or
establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope Magnifications
3
2.2 SAE Standards:
J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclusions in Steel
3
2.3 Aerospace Material Specifications:
AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclusions.
´3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E45–05 . DOI:
10.1520/E0045-10.
´1
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E45 –10 . DOI: 10.1520/E0045-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E45–11
AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic
...

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1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1245-03(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents of metals using basic stereological procedures performed by automatic image analyzers.  
5.2 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals. Because of the sporadic, unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions, other methods involving complete inspection, for example, ultrasonics, must be used to locate their presence. The exact nature of the exogenous material can then be determined by sectioning into the suspect region followed by serial, step-wise grinding to expose the exogenous matter for identification and individual measurement. Direct size measurement rather than application of stereological methods is employed.  
5.3 Because the characteristics of the indigenous inclusion population vary within a given lot of material due to the influence of compositional fluctuations, solidification conditions and processing, the lot must be sampled statistically to assess its inclusion content. The largest lot sampled is the heat lot but smaller lots, for example, the product of an ingot, within the heat may be sampled as a separate lot. The sampling of a given lot must be adequate for the lot size and characteristics.  
5.4 The practice is suitable for assessment of the indigenous inclusions in any steel (or other metal) product regardless of its size or shape as long as enough different fields can be measured to obtain reasonable statistical confidence in the data. Because the specifics of the manufacture of the product do influence the morphological characteristics of the inclusions, the report should state the relevant manufacturing details, that is, data regarding the deformation history of the product.  
5.5 To compare the inclusion measurement results from different lots of the same or similar types of steels, or other metals, a standard sampling scheme should be adopted such as described in Test Method...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereological measurements that describe basic characteristics of the morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to provide such data for any discrete second phase.  
Note 1: Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself, does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information requires measurements on three orthogonal planes and is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of producing stereological data when the features of the constituents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable data difficult.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E975-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for X-Ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near Random Crystallographic Orientation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Significance—Retained austenite with a near random crystallographic orientation is found in the microstructure of heat-treated low-alloy, high-strength steels that have medium (0.40 weight %) or higher carbon contents. Although the presence of retained austenite may not be evident in the microstructure, and may not affect the bulk mechanical properties such as hardness of the steel, the transformation of retained austenite to martensite during service can affect the performance of the steel.  
2.2 Use—The measurement of retained austenite can be included in low-alloy steel development programs to determine its effect on mechanical properties. Retained austenite can be measured on a companion specimen or test section that is included in a heat-treated lot of steel as part of a quality control practice. The measurement of retained austenite in steels from service can be included in studies of material performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of retained austenite phase in steel using integrated intensities (area under peak above background) of X-ray diffraction peaks using chromium  Kα  or molybdenum Kα  X-radiation.  
1.2 The method applies to carbon and alloy steels with near random crystallographic orientations of both ferrite and austenite phases.  
1.3 This test method is valid for retained austenite contents from 1 % by volume and above.  
1.4 If possible, X-ray diffraction peak interference from other crystalline phases such as carbides should be eliminated from the ferrite and austenite peak intensities.  
1.5 Substantial alloy contents in steel cause some change in peak intensities which have not been considered in this method. Application of this method to steels with total alloy contents exceeding 15 weight % should be done with care. If necessary, the users can calculate the theoretical correction factors to account for changes in volume of the unit cells for austenite and ferrite resulting from variations in chemical composition.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E7-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Standards of Committee E04 consist of test methods, practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform testing in the field of metallography. In order for one to properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology used in these standards must be understood.  
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must be completely understood in order to adequately communicate in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general source of terminology relating to the field of metallography facilitating the transfer of information within the field.

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ASTM E1351-01(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Replication is a nondestructive sampling procedure that records and preserves the topography of a metallographically prepared surface as a negative relief on a plastic film (replica). The replica permits the examination and analysis of the metallographically prepared surface on the LM or SEM.  
4.2 Enhancement procedures for improving replica contrast for microscopic examination are utilized and sometimes necessary (see 8.1).
Note 1: It is recommended that the purchaser of a field replication service specify that each replicator demonstrate proficiency by providing field prepared replica metallography and direct LM and SEM comparison to laboratory prepared samples of an identical material by grade and service exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film replicas which have been obtained from metallographically prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of replicas to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity.  
1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in commercial situations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2283-08(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

ABSTRACT
This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous non-metallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. This practice enables the experimenter to estimate the extreme value distribution of inclusions in steels. The procedures in determining non-metallic inclusions in steel are presented and discussed in details.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents in metals using extreme value statistics.  
5.2 It is well known that failures of mechanical components, such as gears and bearings, are often caused by the presence of large nonmetallic oxide inclusions. Failure of a component can often be traced to the presence of a large inclusion. Predictions related to component fatigue life are not possible with the evaluations provided by standards such as Test Methods E45, Practice E1122, or Practice E1245. The use of extreme value statistics has been related to component life and inclusion size distributions by several different investigators (3-8). The purpose of this practice is to create a standardized method of performing this analysis.  
5.3 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals because of the unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions. Other methods involving complete inspection such as ultrasonics must be used to locate their presence.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. The practice is not suitable for assessing exogenous inclusions.  
1.2 Based upon the statistical analysis, the nonmetallic content of different lots of steels can be compared.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 For measurements obtained from light microscopy, linear feature parameters shall be reported as micrometers, and feature areas shall be reported as micrometers.  
1.5 The methodology can be extended to other materials and to other microstructural features.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E82/E82M-14(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Orientation of a Metal Crystal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The physical properties of metals and other materials are often anisotropic (for example: Young's modulus will typically vary in different crystallographic directions). As such, it is often desirable or necessary to determine the orientation of a single crystal to ascertain the relation of any pertinent physical properties with respect to different directions in the material.  
4.2 This test method can be used commercially as a quality control test in production situations in which a desired orientation, within prescribed limits, is required.  
4.3 With the use of an adjustable, fixed holder that can later be mounted on a saw, lathe, or other machine, a single crystal material can be moved to a preferred orientation and subsequently sectioned, ground, or processed otherwise.  
4.4 If the grains in a polycrystalline material are large enough, this test method can also be used to determine their orientations and differences in orientation can be documented or mapped or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the back-reflection Laue procedure for determining the orientation of a metal crystal. The back-reflection Laue method for determining crystal orientation may be applied to macrograins and micrograins depending on the beam size within polycrystalline aggregates, as well as to single crystals of any size. This test method is described with reference to cubic crystals and other structures such as: hexagonal, tetragonal, or orthorhombic crystals.  
1.2 Most natural crystals have well developed external faces, and the orientation of such crystals can usually be determined from inspection. The orientation of a crystal having poorly developed faces or no faces at all (for example, a metal crystal prepared in the laboratory) shall be determined by more elaborate methods. The most convenient and accurate of these involves the use of X-ray diffraction. The “orientation of a metal crystal” is known when the positions in space of the crystallographic axes of the unit cell have been located with reference to the surface geometry of the crystal specimen. This relation between unit cell position and surface geometry is most conveniently expressed by stereographic or gnomonic projection.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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