ASTM D2196-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational Viscometer
Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Test Method A is used for determining the apparent viscosity at a given rotational speed, although viscosities at two or more speeds give better characterization of a non-Newtonian material than does a single viscosity measurement.
3.2 With Test Methods B and C, the extent of shear thinning is indicated by the drop in viscosity with increasing rotational speed. The degree of thixotropy is indicated by comparison of viscosities at increasing and decreasing rotational speeds (Test Method B), viscosity recovery (Test Method B), or viscosities before and after high shear (combination of Test Methods B and C). The high-shear treatment in Test Method C approximates shearing during paint application. The viscosity behavior measured after high shear is indicative of the characteristics of the paint soon after application.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent viscosity and the shear thinning and thixotropic properties of non-Newtonian materials in the shear rate range from 0.1 to 50 s−1 using a rotational viscometer operating in a fluid of “infinite” dimensions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D2196 −15
Standard Test Methods for
Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by
1
Rotational Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope ormorespeedsgivebettercharacterizationofanon-Newtonian
material than does a single viscosity measurement.
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
apparent viscosity and the shear thinning and thixotropic 3.2 WithTestMethodsBandC,theextentofshearthinning
properties of non-Newtonian materials in the shear rate range
is indicated by the drop in viscosity with increasing rotational
−1
from 0.1 to 50 s using a rotational viscometer operating in a speed. The degree of thixotropy is indicated by comparison of
fluid of “infinite” dimensions.
viscosities at increasing and decreasing rotational speeds (Test
Method B), viscosity recovery (Test Method B), or viscosities
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
before and after high shear (combination of Test Methods B
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
and C). The high-shear treatment in Test Method C approxi-
only.
matesshearingduringpaintapplication.Theviscositybehavior
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
measured after high shear is indicative of the characteristics of
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
the paint soon after application.
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
4. Apparatus
limitations prior to use.
4.1 Rotational Viscometer—The essential instrumentation
2. Summary of Test Method required providing the minimum rotational viscometer analyti-
cal capabilities for this method include:
2.1 Test Method A consists of determining the apparent
4.1.1 A drive motor, to apply a unidirectional rotational
viscosity of coatings and related materials by measuring the
displacement to the specimen at at least for rotational speeds
torque on a spindle rotating at a constant speed in the material.
between 0.05 and 6 rad/s (0.5 and 60 r/min) constant to within
2.2 Test Methods B and C consist of determining the shear
1%.
thinning and thixotropic (time-dependent) rheological proper-
4.1.2 Aforce sensortomeasurethetorquedevelopedbythe
2
ties of the materials. The viscosities of these materials are
specimen to the rotational displacement of the rotational
determined at a series of prescribed speeds of a rotational-type
element to within 1%.
viscometer operating in a fluid of “infinite” dimensions. The
4.1.3 A coupling shaft, or other means, to transmit the
agitation of the material immediately preceding the viscosity
rotational displacement from the motor to the rotational ele-
measurements is carefully controlled.
ment.
4.1.4 A rotational element, spindle, or tool, such as the
3. Significance and Use
cylindrical shape shown in Fig. 1, to fix the specimen between
3.1 Test Method A is used for determining the apparent
the drive shaft and a stationary position.
viscosityatagivenrotationalspeed,althoughviscositiesattwo
NOTE 1—Each rotational element covers a range of about 1.5 decades
of viscosity. The rotational element is selected so that the measured
viscosity (or torque) is between 10 and 90% of the range of the rotational
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
element.
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & 4.1.5 A data collection device, to provide a means of
Paint Materials.
acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2015. Published April 2015. Originally
signals, or both. The minimum output signals required for
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2196–10. DOI:
rotational viscosity are torque, rotational speed, temperature,
10.1520/D2196-15.
2
Pierce, P. E., “Measurement of Rheology of Thixotropic Organic Coatings and
and time.
Resins with the Brookfield Viscometer,” Journal of Paint Technology, Vol 43, No.
557, 1971, pp. 35–43. NOTE 2—Manual observation and recording of data are acceptable.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D2196−15
NOTE 5—Reference oils can exhibit a change in viscosity of
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2196 − 10 D2196 − 15
Standard Test Methods for
Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by
1
Rotational (Brookfield type) Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent viscosity and the shear thinning and thixotropic properties of
−1
non-Newtonian materials in the shear rate range from 0.1 to 50 s . using a rotational viscometer operating in a fluid of “infinite”
dimensions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
2. Summary of Test Method
2.1 Test Method A consists of determining the apparent viscosity of coatings and related materials by measuring the torque on
a spindle rotating at a constant speed in the material.
2.2 Test Methods B and C consist of determining the shear thinning and thixotropic (time-dependent) rheological properties of
2
the materials. The viscosities of these materials are determined at a series of prescribed speeds of a rotational-type viscometer.
viscometer operating in a fluid of “infinite” dimensions. The agitation of the material immediately preceding the viscosity
measurements is carefully controlled.
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Test Method A is used for determining the apparent viscosity at a given rotational speed, although viscosities at two or more
speeds give better characterization of a non-Newtonian material than does a single viscosity measurement.
3.2 With Test Methods B and C, the extent of shear thinning is indicated by the drop in viscosity with increasing
viscometerrotational speed. The degree of thixotropy is indicated by comparison of viscosities at increasing and decreasing
viscometerrotational speeds (Test Method B), viscosity recovery (Test Method B), or viscosities before and after high shear
(combination of Test Methods B and C). The high-shear treatment in Test Method C approximates shearing during paint
application. The viscosity behavior measured after high shear is indicative of the characteristics of the paint soon after application.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Rotational Viscometer—Rotational-type viscometers having at least four speeds, such as:The essential instrumentation
required providing the minimum rotational viscometer analytical capabilities for this method include:
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
Current edition approved July 1, 2010Feb. 15, 2015. Published July 2010April 2015. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
D2196 – 05.D2196 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/D2196-10.10.1520/D2196-15.
2
Pierce, P. E., “Measurement of Rheology of Thixotropic Organic Coatings and Resins with the Brookfield Viscometer,” Journal of Paint Technology, Vol 43, No. 557,
1971, pp. 35–43.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2196 − 15
4.1.1 A drive motor, to apply a unidirectional rotational displacement to the specimen at at least for rotational speeds between
0.05 and 6 rad/s (0.5 and 60 r/min) constant to within 1 %.
4.1.2 A force sensor to measure the torque developed by the specimen to the rotational displacement of the rotational element
to within 1 %.
4.1.3 Brookfield Dial-Reading (Analog) Viscometer, A coupling shaft, or equivalent having multiple rotational speeds with set
of spindles; orother means, to transmit the rotational displacement from the motor to the rotational element.
4.1.4 Brookfield Digital Viscometer
...
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