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ASTM E1499-16(2023)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers

Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The term appearance (see 3.2.1) implies the essential presence of human visual observations. The results of visual observation involve not only the step of observing, accomplished by the eye, but also the inseparable step of interpretation in the brain. Instrumental test methods currently cannot duplicate this second step, and therefore can now only approximate, but not fully measure, appearance. Such instrumental measures of appearance properties are useful only to the extent that they can be correlated to the results of visual observations by observers of the appearance phenomena being evaluated.  
5.2 Almost invariably, too little attention has been paid to ensuring that the essential visual observations have been properly obtained to provide the basis for correlating visual and instrumental test results.  
5.3 This guide provides the means for assessing observers, by outlining the requirements and tests for their selection, evaluation, and training. This guide should be useful to all experimenters designing or using visual test methods to provide either direct results in terms of the observation of appearance properties, or the experiments correlating such results with instrumental measures approximating the same appearance properties. The user is cautioned to avoid the substitution of validated vision tests with replicas of any kind, either printed, photographed or digitally displayed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes criteria and tests for selecting, evaluating, and training human visual-sensory observers for tasks involving the perception and scaling of properties and phenomena relating to appearance.  
1.2 Examples of tests requiring the use of trained observers include but are not limited to those described in the following ASTM standards: on color, Practice D1535 and Practice E1360; on color difference, Practice D1729 and Test Method D2616; on gloss, Test Method D4449; on metamerism, Practice D4086; and on setting tolerances, Practice D3134.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2023
ICS
13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.11 - Visual Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1499-16(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of ObserversASTM E1499-16(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers
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ASTM E1499-16(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1499 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Guide for
1
Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1499; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
E284 Terminology of Appearance
1.1 This guide describes criteria and tests for selecting,
E1360 Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical
evaluating, and training human visual-sensory observers for
Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
tasks involving the perception and scaling of properties and
phenomena relating to appearance.
3. Terminology
1.2 Examples of tests requiring the use of trained observers
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of appearance terms in Termi-
include but are not limited to those described in the following
nology E284 are applicable to this guide.
ASTM standards: on color, Practice D1535 and Practice
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E1360; on color difference, Practice D1729 and Test Method
3.2.1 appearance, n—in psychophysical studies, perception
D2616; on gloss, Test Method D4449; on metamerism, Prac-
in which the spectral and geometric aspects of a visual stimulus
tice D4086; and on setting tolerances, Practice D3134.
are integrated with its illuminating and viewing environment.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 observer, n—one who judges visually, qualitatively or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
quantitatively, the content of one or more appearance attributes
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in each member of a set of objects or stimuli.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2.3 scale, v—to assess the content of one or more appear-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ance attributes in the members of a set of stimuli.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Alternatively, scales may be deter-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
mined by assessing the difference in content of an attribute
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
with respect to the differences in that attribute among the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
members of the set.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 This guide provides descriptions of techniques and tests
2. Referenced Documents
for the selection of candidates for observers for use in visual
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
testing, for the evaluation of their capabilities in this field, and
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
for their training to enhance these capabilities.
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
4.2 Discussion is provided of precautions required for the
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
efficient use of observers in visual tests, including avoidance of
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
overtaxing the observers and the control of test variables.
ence With a Gray Scale
D3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances
4.3 Other considerations of test design, including the num-
D4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism
bers of observers and observations required and the precision
D4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-
of the visual results, are to be covered elsewhere.
5. Significance and Use
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
5.1 The term appearance (see 3.2.1) implies the essential
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.11 on Visual
presence of human visual observations. The results of visual
Methods.
observation involve not only the step of observing, accom-
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved
plished by the eye, but also the inseparable step of interpreta-
in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E1499 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/
E1499-23.
tion in the brain. Instrumental test methods currently cannot
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
duplicate this second step, and therefore can now only
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approximate, but not fully measure, appearance.
...

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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of consensus definitions of terms used in ASTM occupational safety and health standards.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to occupational health and safety.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4597-10(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres to Collect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent Diffusive Samplers

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5.1 Regulations such as those promulgated by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration in Title 29CFR 1910.1000 designate that certain hazardous gases and vapors must not be present in the workplace air at concentrations above specific values.  
5.2 This practice, when used in conjunction with an analytical technique, such as that given for organic compounds in Test Method D3687, may provide a means for the determination of time-weighted airborne concentrations of many of the hazardous gases and vapors in applicable regulations (for example, Title 29CFR 1910.1000), as well as others.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of workplace atmospheres for the presence of certain gases or vapors by means of diffusion across a specified quiescent region and subsequent sorption on a solid sorbent (1).2  
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5.1 This practice is intended to assist field personnel in obtaining samples from tanks for laboratory analysis. The cost associated with sampling and analysis, along with other reasons, make it essential that samples be taken correctly before submitting them for chemical analysis, physical testing, or both. Incorrect sampling can invalidate resulting data.  
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SCOPE
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1.3 The practice is applicable to hazardous materials, products, raw materials, by-product, or waste.  
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1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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