ASTM D6061-01(2018)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respirable Aerosol Samplers
Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respirable Aerosol Samplers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is significant for determining performance relative to ideal sampling conventions. The purposes are multifold:
5.1.1 The conventions have a recognized tie to health effects and can easily be adjusted to accommodate new findings.
5.1.2 Performance criteria permit instrument designers to seek practical sampler improvements.
5.1.3 Performance criteria promote continued experimental testing of the samplers in use with the result that the significant variables (such as wind speed, particle charge, etc.) affecting sampler operation become understood.
5.2 One specific use of the performance tests is in determining the efficacy of a given candidate sampler for application in regulatory sampling. The accuracy of the candidate sampler is measured in accordance with the evaluation tests given here. A sampler may then be adopted for a specific application if the accuracy is better than a specific value.
Note 1: In some instances, a sampler so selected for use in compliance determinations is specified within an exposure standard. This is done so as to eliminate differences among similar samplers. Sampler specification then replaces the respirable sampling convention, eliminating bias (3.2.6), which then does not appear in the uncertainty budget.
5.3 Although the criteria are presented in terms of accepted sampling conventions geared mainly to compliance sampling, other applications exist as well. For example, suppose that a specific aerosol diameter-dependent health effect is under investigation. Then for the purpose of an epidemiological study an aerosol sampler that reflects the diameter dependence of interest is required. Sampler accuracy may then be determined relative to a modified sampling convention.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of the performance of personal samplers of non-fibrous respirable aerosol. The samplers are assessed relative to a specific respirable sampling convention. The convention is one of several that identify specific particle size fractions for assessing health effects of airborne particles. When a health effects assessment has been based on a specific convention it is appropriate to use that same convention for setting permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambient environment and for monitoring compliance. The conventions, which define inhalable, thoracic, and respirable aerosol sampler ideals, have now been adopted by the International Standards Organization (ISO 7708), the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, Ref (1)),2 developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed in Ref (3) and in part as a compromise between definitions proposed in Refs (3, 4).
1.2 This practice is complementary to Test Method D4532, which specifies a particular instrument, the 10-mm cyclone.3 The sampler evaluation procedures presented in this practice have been applied in the testing of the 10-mm cyclone as well as the Higgins-Dewell cyclone.3 ,4 Details on the evaluation have been published (5-7) and can be incorporated into revisions of Test Method D4532.
1.3 A central aim of this practice is to provide information required for characterizing the uncertainty of concentration estimates from samples taken by candidate samplers. For this purpose, sampling accuracy data from the performance tests given here can be combined with information as to analytical and sampling pump uncertainty obtained externally. The practice applies principles of ISO GUM, expanded to cover situations common in occupational hygiene measurement, where the measurand varies markedly in both time and space. A general approach (8) for dealing with this situation relates to the theory of tolerance intervals and may be summarized as follows: Sampling/analytical methods undergo extensive evaluations and are subsequently applied without re-evaluation at each meas...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D6061 − 01 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Evaluating the Performance of Respirable Aerosol
Samplers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6061; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Reapproved with editorial changes in December 2018.
1. Scope given here can be combined with information as to analytical
and sampling pump uncertainty obtained externally. The prac-
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of the performance
tice applies principles of ISO GUM, expanded to cover
of personal samplers of non-fibrous respirable aerosol. The
situations common in occupational hygiene measurement,
samplers are assessed relative to a specific respirable sampling
where the measurand varies markedly in both time and space.
convention. The convention is one of several that identify
Ageneral approach (8) for dealing with this situation relates to
specific particle size fractions for assessing health effects of
the theory of tolerance intervals and may be summarized as
airborne particles. When a health effects assessment has been
basedonaspecificconventionitisappropriatetousethatsame follows: Sampling/analytical methods undergo extensive
convention for setting permissible exposure limits in the evaluationsandaresubsequentlyappliedwithoutre-evaluation
workplace and ambient environment and for monitoring com-
at each measurement, while taking precautions (for example,
pliance.Theconventions,whichdefineinhalable,thoracic,and
through a quality assurance program) that the method remains
respirable aerosol sampler ideals, have now been adopted by
stable. Measurement uncertainty is then characterized by
the International Standards Organization (ISO7708), the Co-
specifying the evaluation confidence (for example, 95%) that
mité Européen de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and
confidence intervals determined by measurements bracket
theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygien-
measurand values at better than a given rate (for example,
ists (ACGIH, Ref (1)), developed (2) in part from health-
95%). Moreover, the systematic difference between candidate
effectsstudiesreviewedinRef (3)andinpartasacompromise
and idealized aerosol samplers can be expressed as a relative
between definitions proposed in Refs (3, 4).
bias, which has proven to be a useful concept and is included
1.2 This practice is complementary to Test Method D4532,
in the specification of accuracy (3.2.13, 3.2.13.1, 3.2.13.3).
which specifies a particular instrument, the 10-mm cyclone.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
The sampler evaluation procedures presented in this practice
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
have been applied in the testing of the 10-mm cyclone as well
3,4
standard.
as the Higgins-Dewell cyclone. Details on the evaluation
have been published (5-7) and can be incorporated into
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
revisions of Test Method D4532.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 A central aim of this practice is to provide information
required for characterizing the uncertainty of concentration priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
estimates from samples taken by candidate samplers. For this mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
purpose, sampling accuracy data from the performance tests
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1 ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD22onAirQuality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAir Quality.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published January 2019. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ε1
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D6061–01 (2012) .
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
DOI: 10.1520/D6061-01R18E01.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this practice.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to
ASTMHeadquarters.Yourcommentswillreceivecarefulconsiderationatameeting
of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
The sole source of supply of the Higgins-Dewell cyclone known to the
committee at this time is BGI Inc., 58 Guinan Street, Waltham, MA 02154.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D6061 − 01 (2018)
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.2.1 Discussion—Note that samples are often taken over
5 an extended time period (for example, 8 h), so that dC/dD of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Eq 1 represents a time-averaged, rather than instantaneous,
D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
size-distribution.
Atmospheres
3.2.3 flow number F—the number (for example, 4) of
D4532Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace At-
sampler flow rates Q tested.
mospheres Using Cyclone Samplers
D6062GuideforPersonalSamplersofHealth-RelatedAero-
3.2.4 flow rate Q (L/min)—the average flow rate of air
sol Fractions
sampled by a given sampler over the duration of the sampling
D6552Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in
period.
Weighing Collected Aerosols
3.2.5 mean concentration c—the population mean of c .
s
2.2 International Standards:
3.2.6 mean relative bias∆—ofmeasurement crelativetothe
ISO7708Air Quality—Particle Size Fraction Definitions
conventional respirable concentration c , defined as follows:
R
for Health-Related Sampling, Brussels, 1993
∆[~c 2 c !/c (2)
ISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in R R
Measurement, Brussels, 1993
3.2.7 mean sampled concentration c —the concentration
s
that sampler s would give, averaged over sampling pump and
2.3 European Standards:
analytical fluctuations, in sampling aerosol of size-distribution
CEN EN 481Standard on Workplace Atmospheres—Size
–1
C dC/dD is given as follows:
Fraction Definitions for the Measurement of Airborne
`
Particles in the Workplace, Brussels, 1993
c 5 dD E dC/dD (3)
*
s s
CENEN 13205Workplace Atmospheres—Assessment of
Performance of Instruments for Measurement ofAirborne 3.2.8 replication number n (for example, 4)—the number of
Particle Concentrations, 2001 replicate measurements for evaluating a given sampler at
specific flow rate and aerodynamic diameter.
2.4 NIOSH Documents:
NIOSHCriteriaforaRecommendedStandard,Occupational
3.2.9 respirable sampling convention, E —defined explic-
R
Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust1995 itly at aerodynamic diameter D (µm) as a fraction of total
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) 5th
airborneaerosolintermsofthecumulativenormalfunction (9)
Edition, Ashley, K., and O’Connor, P., eds., 2017 Φ as follows:
E 5 0.50 11exp 20.06 D Φ ln D /D /σ (4)
~ @ #! @ @ # #
R R R
3. Terminology
where the indicated constants are D =4.25 µm and
R
3.1 Definitions:
σ =ln[1.5].
R
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
3.2.9.1 Discussion—The respirable sampling convention,
Terminology D1356 and ISOGUM.
together with earlier definitions, is shown in Fig. 1. This
3.1.2 Aerosol fraction sampling conventions have been
convention has been adopted by the International Standards
presented in Guide D6062. The relevant definitions are re-
Organization (ISO7708), the Comité Européen de Normalisa-
peated here for convenience.
tion (CEN Standard EN 481), and theAmerican Conference of
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, Ref (1)).
3.2.1 aerodynamic diameter, D (µm)—the diameter of a
3 The definition of respirable aerosol is the basis for the
sphere of density, 10 kg/m, with the same stopping time as a
recommended exposure level (REL) of respirable coal mine
particle of interest.
3.2.2 conventional respirable concentration c (mg/m )—
R
the concentration measured by a conventional (that is, ideal)
respirable sampler and given in terms of the size distribution
dC/dD as follows:
`
c 5 dD E dC/dD (1)
*
R R
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
AvailablefromNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH),
Cincinnati, OH, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh.
AvailablefromNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH),
Cincinnati, OH, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam. FIG. 1 Respirable Aerosol Collection Efficiencies
´1
D6061 − 01 (2018)
dust as promulgated by NIOSH (NIOSH Criteria for a Rec- cov —covariance matrix for sampler s and efficiency
s ij
ommended Standard, Occupational Exposure to Respirable parameters θ and θ.
i j
Coal Mine Dust) and also forms the basis of the NIOSH
c (mg/m ) —concentration measured by a conventional
R
sampling method for particulates not otherwise regulated,
(that is, ideal) respirable sampler.
respirable (NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods).
D (µm)—aerosol aerodynamic diameter.
3.2.10 sampler number s = 1, ., S—a number identifying a D —sampling efficiency model parameter.
particular sampler under evaluation.
D (µm)—respirable sampling convention parameter equal
R
to 4.25 µm in the case of healthy adults, or 2.5 µm for the sick
3.2.10.1 sampling effıciency E (D, Q)—the modeled sam-
s
or infirm or children.
pling efficiency of sampler s as a function of aerodynamic
E—sampling convention in general.
diameter D and flow rate Q (9.1).
E —respirable sampling convention.
R
3.2.10.2 model parameters θ , where p = 1, ., P (for
p
E —sampling efficiency of sampler s.
example, 4)—parameters that specify the function E (D, Q). s
s
F—number of flow rates evaluated.
–1 –1
3.2.11 size-distribution C dC/dD (µm )—of a given air-
GSD—geometricstandarddeviationofalognormalaerosol
borne aerosol, the mass concentration of aerosol per unit
size distribution.
aerodynamic diameter range per total concentration C.
MMD—mass median diameter of a lognormal aerosol size
3.2.11.1 lognormal size distribution—an idealized distribu-
distribution.
tion characterized by two parameters: the geometric standard
MSE —mean square element for sampler in application
c
deviation (GSD) and mass median diameter (MMD). The
(see 10.4).
distribution is given explicitly as follows:
MSE—meansquareelementforevaluationdata(seeA1.5).
1 1
21 2 2
n—number of replicate measurements.
C dC/dD 5 exp 2 ln D/MMD /ln GSD
F @ # @ # G
=
2π Dln@GSD#
P—number of sampling efficiency parameters.
(5)
RSD—relativestandarddeviation(relativetoconcentration
c as estimated by an ideal sampler following the respirable
R
where C is the total mass concentration.
sampling convention).
3.2.12 symmetric-range accuracy A—the fractional range,
RSD —relative standard deviation component char-
analytical
symmetric about the conventional concentration c , within
R
acterizing analytical random variation.
which95%ofsamplermeasurementsaretobefound(8, 10-13
RSD —relative standard deviation component character-
eval
and the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods).
izing uncertainty from the evaluation experiment itself (Annex
3.2.13 uncertainty components:
A1).
3.2.13.1 analytical relative standard deviation
RSD —relativestandarddeviationcomponentcharacter-
inter
RSD —the standard deviation relative to the true respi-
analytical
izing random inter-sampler variation.
rable concentration c associated with mass analysis, for
R
RSD —relative standard deviation component charac-
pump
example, the weighing of filters, analysis of α-quartz, and so
terizing the effect of random sampling pump variation.
forth.
s—sampler number.
3.2.13.2 inter-sampler relative standard deviation
S—number of samplers evaluated.
RSD —the inter-sampler standard deviation (varying sam-
inter
t—sampling time (for example, 8 h).
pler s) relative to the respirable concentration c and taken as
R
U—expanded uncertainty.
primarilyassociatedwithphysicalvariationsinsamplerdimen-
u —combined uncertainty.
c
sions.
v (m/s)—wind speed.
3.2.13.3 pump-induced relative standard deviation
∆—bias relative to an ideal sampler following the respi-
RSD —the intra-sampler standard deviation relative to the
pump
rable sampling convention.
respirable concentration c associated with both drift and
R
ε —random variable contribution to evaluation experi-
eval s
variability in the setting of the sampling pump.
mental error in a concentration estimate.
3.3 Symbols and Abbreviations:
ε —random variable contribution to inter-sampler error in
s
A—symmetric-range accuracy as defined in terms of bias
a concentration estimate.
and precision (see 3.2.12).
θ—sampling efficiency model parameter.
—estimated accuracy A.
σ —sampling efficiency model parameter.
Discussion—Hats,asin A, refer to estimates, both in
σ —evaluation experimental standard deviation in a
eval
sampler application and sampler evaluation.
concentration estimate.
A—95 % confidence limit on the symmetric-range
95 %
σ —inter-sampler standard deviation in a concentration
inter
accuracy A.
estimate.
c (mg/m )—expected value of the sampler-averaged con-
σ —respirable sampling convention parameter equal to
centration estimates c . R
s
ln[1.5].
c (mg/m )—expected value (averaged over sampling
s
σ —weighing imprecision in mass collected on a filter.
pump and analytical variations) of the concentration estimate
mass
from sampler s. Φ[x]—cumulative normal function given for argument x.
´1
D6061 − 01 (2018)
4. Summary of Practice 6.1.3 Air speed uniformity: 63% over 250 by 250-mm
central cross-sectional area.
4.1 The sampling efficiency from D=0 to 10 µm and its
6.1.4 Turbulence <3%.
variability are measured in calm air (<0.5
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.