ASTM D2864-00a
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
General Information
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Designation: D 2864 – 00a
Standard Terminology Relating to
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Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2864; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The definitions contained in this terminology pertain to terms as they are used in conjunction with
fluid insulating materials. Insofar as possible, the definitions are consistent with accepted general
usage, and may also contain additional information deemed to be of value in testing of fluid insulating
materials.
ac—symbol used to designate an electric voltage or current API gravity—an arbitrary scale developed by the American
whose amplitude varies periodically as a function of time, its Petroleum Institute and frequently used in reference to
average value over one complete period being zero. One petroleum insulating oil. The relationship between API
complete repetition of the wave pattern is referred to as a gravity and specific gravity 60/60°F is defined by the
CYCLE, and the number of cycles occurring in one second following:
is called the FREQUENCY, measured in hertz (Hz). For
example, the electricity supplied by commercial utility
Deg API Gravity at 60°F 5 141.5/~sp gr 60/60°F!2 131.5
companies in the United States is, in most localities, 60 Hz,
aromatics—that class of organic compounds which behave
although other frequencies may be encountered.
chemically like benzene. They are cyclic unsaturated organic
acid treating—a refining process in which an unfinished
compounds that can sustain an induced electronic ring
petroleum insulating oil is contacted with sulfuric acid to
current due to delocalization of electrons around the ring.
improve its color, odor, stability, and other properties.
DISCUSSION—Empirically, the aromatic portion of a mineral insulat-
ac loss characteristics—those properties of a dielectric or
ing oil can be estimated by correlation with physical properties (See
insulation system (such as dissipation factor, power factor,
D2140, Test Method for Carbon Type Composition of Insulating Oils of
and loss index) that may be used as a measure of the power 2
Petroleum Origin ), or by selective adsorption on clay-gel (See D2007,
or energy losses that would result from the use of such
Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Pro-
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material in an ac electric field. cessing Oils by the Clay-Gel Adsorption Chromatographic Method ).
additive—a chemical compound or compounds added to an
askarel—a generic term for a group of synthetic, fire-resistant,
insulating fluid for the purpose of imparting new properties
chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons used as electrical insu-
or altering those properties which the fluid already has.
lating liquids. They have a property under arcing conditions
ambient temperature—the temperature of the surrounding
such that any gases produced will consist predominantly of
atmosphere as determined by an instrument shielded from
noncombustible hydrogen chloride with lesser amounts of
direct or reflected rays of the sun.
combustible gases.
aniline point—the minimum temperature for complete misci-
atomic absorption—the absorption of radiant energy by
bility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test.
ground state atoms. Substances when dispersed as an atomic
See ASTM Test Methods D 611, for Aniline Point and Mixed
vapor will absorb characteristic radiations identical to those
Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon
which the same substances can emit. This property is the
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Solvents. Aniline point is a function of both molecular
basis for analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
weight and composition. In comparing two samples of
capacitivity—the same as permittivity, relative.
similar molecular weight, the aniline point can be used as a
color—a quality of visible phenomena of insulating fluids, the
means of comparing aromatic content of the two samples. A
numerical value for which is derived by comparing this
product of high aniline point will be low in aromatics and
quality using transmitted light with that of a series of
naphthenes, and therefore high in paraffins.
numbered reference standards.
combustible gases—flammable gases formed from breakdown
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This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
(partial or complete) of some insulating materials subjected
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
to electrical or thermal stress, or both.
mittee D27.04 on Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2000. Published December 2000. O
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