ASTM D4214-98

Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films (Withdrawn 2007)

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the degree of chalking on white or lightly tinted exterior paint films. It describes the procedures recommended for transferring the chalk to a fabric or fingertip, which is then compared to photographic reference standards, or in the case of adhesive tapes, compared to a reflectance table or photographic reference standards, to determine the degree of chalking.  
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods cover the evaluation of the degree of chalking on white or tinted exterior paint films. These test methods describe the procedures recommended for transferring the chalk to a fabric or fingertip, which is then compared to photographic reference standards, or in the case of adhesive tapes, compared to a reflectance table or photographic reference standards, to determine the degree of chalking.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications, this test method was withdrawn in March 2007 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Aug-1998
• Withdrawal Date: 18-Mar-2007
• ICS: 87.040 - Paints and varnishes
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.25 - Evaluation of Weathering Effects

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D4214-07 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM E1795-20a - Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM E1797-12(2017)e1 - Standard Specification for Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D4587-23 - Standard Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D3451-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D662-93(2019) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D5498-12a(2018) - Standard Guide for Developing a Training Program for Personnel Performing Coating and Lining Work Inspection for Nuclear Facilities
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D6695-16 - Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D3361/D3361M-22 - Standard Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D5065-17(2021) - Standard Guide for Assessing the Condition of Aged Coatings on Steel Surfaces
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D1006/D1006M-21 - Standard Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Hand and Factory Applied Paints on Wood and Wood Composite Materials
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM E1605-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D5722-20 - Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Factory-Coated Embossed Hardboard Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight and a Soak-Freeze-Thaw Procedure
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D7787/D7787M-13(2022) - Standard Practice for Selecting Wood Substrates for Weathering Evaluations of Architectural Coatings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D822/D822M-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-1998

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 4214 – 98
Standard Test Methods for
Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4214; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5. Type of Chalking
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the degree of 5.1 Only one type of chalking is recognized, as defined in
chalking on white or tinted exterior paint films. These test Section 3.
methodsdescribetheproceduresrecommendedfortransferring
6. Use of Photographic Reference Standards
the chalk to a fabric or fingertip, which is then compared to
photographic reference standards, or in the case of adhesive 6.1 The photographic reference standards that are part of
these test methods are representative of the degrees of chalking
tapes, compared to a reflectance table or photographic refer-
ence standards, to determine the degree of chalking. on a paint film.The photographs shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are
for illustration purposes only and should not be used for
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for evaluation.
6.2 The use of photographic reference standards illustrated
information only.
in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 requires the following precautions:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 6.2.1 The degree of chalking will vary over any given area.
Therefore, an average portion of the coating should be evalu-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- ated. On large surfaces, it is recommended that the rating be
made at several locations and the mean and range reported.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6.2.2 It is difficult to make readings on a windy day and
2. Referenced Documents
making readings at such time should be avoided. It should also
2.1 ASTM Standards: be noted that rain, snow, or moisture in any form will remove
D 662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of chalk so that readings should be made after a period of clear
Exterior Paints weather and when the surface is dry.
E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea- 6.2.3 Chalking and erosion (Note 1) are closely related.
surement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry However, the rate of chalking as measured by these test
2.2 Other Document: methods, and the rate of erosion may not be comparable
Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects becausesomepigmentcombinationstendtoretainchalkonthe
surface while other pigment combinations exert a self-cleaning
3. Terminology
action by natural means.
3.1 Definitions:
NOTE 1—For the evaluation of erosion, see Test Method D 662.
3.1.1 chalking—the formation on a pigmented coating of a
6.3 Records may be kept on forms such as shown in Fig. 3.
friable powder evolved from the film itself at or just beneath
Reporting of the results shall include the information given in
the surface.
Section 8.
4. Significance and Use
6.4 When these test methods is referenced in specifications
for performance, the permissible degree of chalking is estab-
4.1 The procedures provide a broad range of techniques and
lished between the producer and the user.
photographic references to evaluate chalking of exterior paints.
7. Recommended Procedures
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-1onPaint
7.1 Test Method A—Cloth Tape Method:
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee D01.25 on Evaluation of Weathering Effects and Coating Defects.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 1998. Published October 1998. Originally
published as D 4214 – 82. Last previous edition D 4214 – 97.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copies of the pictorial photographic reference standards applicable to Test
Method A are contained in the publication Pictorial Standards of Coatings Defects
and may be obtained from the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 These record sheets may be obtained from the Federation of Societies for
Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422. Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4214
FIG. 1 Photographic Reference Standard No. 1—Test Method D 659
NOTE 2—Medium pressure can be quantified by placing the finger on a
balance or scale, and pressing downward until 3 to 5-lb pressure is
obtained.
7.2 Test Method B—Wet Finger Method:
7.2.1 Procedure—Moisten a fingertip and with medium
pressure make one continuous rub 2 to 2 ⁄2 in. (50 to 65 mm)
in length on the surface under test. The chalk from this test
method should be rated as None, Visible, or Severe; however,
some may prefer to use an even numbered scale of 10 to zero.
7.3 Test Method C—Transparent Tape Method:
7.3.1 Materials:
7.3.1.1 Cellulose Adhesive Tape, ⁄2-in. (13-mm) wide,
pressure-sensitive.
7.3.1.2 Eraser, ⁄4 in. (20 mm), wrapped with cellophane
tape.
7.3.1.3 Masking Tape, ⁄2-in. (13-mm) wide.
7.3.1.4 Plastic Sheet Protector, clear.
7.3.1.5 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2, TNO.
7.3.1.6 Reflectance Standard, polished black glass.
7.3.1.7 Reflectance Standard, white tile.
NOTE 3—The black reference standard is necessary as the background
for this measurement, since the reflectance of black paper is too high.
Reflectometers (tristimulus colorimeters), with 0 to 45° geometry, use the
Y value.
7.3.2 Optional Materials:
7.3.2.1 China Marker, black.
7.3.2.2 Razor Blade.
7.3.3 Preparation:
7.3.3.1 Separately mount and apply two 11-in. (279-mm)
pieces of masking tape along the right side of the clear plastic
FIG. 2 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2—Verfinstituut sheet cover leaving 1 ⁄4 in. (32 mm) of space between the
TNO
pieces (see Fig. 4).
7.3.3.2 Remove a 2-in. (50-mm) long piece of ⁄2-in. (13-
7.1.1 Material—Fabric, as agreed upon between the pro-
mm) cellulose, pressure-sensitive adhesive tape from the roll;
ducer, user, or other interested parties, to rub against the
surface being tested. Black (or white for dark coatings) wool
Permission to include this test method is provided as a courtesy of NL
felt, velvet, and velveteen have proven particularly effective.
Chemicals, Wyckoff Mills Rd., Hightstown, NJ 08520.
7.1.2 Procedure—Wrap the fabric around the index finger-
The TNO Method and photographic reference standard are provided as a
courtesy of Verfinstituut TNO Paint Research Institute TNO, Schoemakerstraat 97,
tip, then makea2to 3-in. (50 to 75-mm) stroke with medium
Delft, Nederland. The original source of the photographic reference standard
pressure on the coating under observation. Remove the fabric
illustrated in Fig. 2 is the Paint Research Institute, TNO. The ASTM numerical
and compare the spot of chalk on it with Photographic
rating of chalking shown on the photographic reference standard is opposite to the
Reference Standard No. 1. original TNO scale.
...