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ASTM D2732-96

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting

Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the degree of unrestrained linear thermal shrinkage at given specimen temperatures of plastic film and sheeting of 0.76 mm (0.030 in.) thickness or less. This test method does not cover shrinkage from loss of solvent in some materials.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1- This document is similar in concept to ISO/DIS 11501, but it is unknown at this time whether both methods give comparable results.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1996
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.19 - Film, Sheeting, and Molded Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2732-03 - Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM D1204-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
Effective Date
10-Sep-1996
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
10-Sep-1996
Referred By
ASTM D2673-14(2022) - Standard Specification for Oriented Polypropylene Film
Effective Date
10-Sep-1996

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ASTM D2732-96 - Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and SheetingASTM D2732-96 - Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting
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ASTM D2732-96 - Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2732 – 96
Standard Test Method for
Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film
and Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope stresses may be locked into the film which can be released by
heating. The temperature at which shrinkage will occur is
1.1 This test method covers determination of the degree of
related to the processing techniques employed to manufacture
unrestrained linear thermal shrinkage at given specimen tem-
the film and may also be related to a phase transition in the base
peratures of plastic film and sheeting of 0.76 mm (0.030 in.)
resin. The magnitude of the shrinkage will vary with the
thickness or less. This test method does not cover shrinkage
temperature of the film.
from loss of solvent in some materials.
4.2 Shrinkage of a particular material produced by a par-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ticular process may be characterized by this test method by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
making measurements at several temperatures through the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
shrinkage range of the material.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.3 Following a characterization in a particular case, it is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
usually sufficient thereafter to measure shrinkage at only one
NOTE 1—This document is similar in concept to ISO/DIS 11501, but it
selected temperature for purposes of process or quality control,
is unknown at this time whether both methods give comparable results.
or both.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 Constant-Temperature Liquid Bath, capable of control-
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
ling accurately to 60.5°C.
D 1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
5.1.1 The liquid for the bath should not plasticize or react
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
with the specimens. Poly(ethylene glycol), glycerin, and water
Temperature
have been found to have wide applicability.
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
5.2 Thermometer—ASTM Thermometer 1 C conforming to
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
the requirements as prescribed in Specification E 1.
5.3 Square Metal Stamp, 100 by 100 mm, with engraved
3. Terminology
arrow indicating machine direction of film and stamp pad and
3.1 Definitions:
ink. (The ink should not be soluble in the bath liquid.)
3.1.1 unrestrained linear thermal shrinkage (free shrink or
NOTE 2—A metal die or template (100 by 100 mm) can be used instead
shrinkage)—the irreversible and rapid reduction in linear
of the square metal stamp.
dimension in a specified direction occurring in film subjected
to elevated temperatures under conditions where nil or negli-
5.4 Free Shrink Holder—A holder designed for test of a
gible restraint to inhibit shrinkage is present. It is normally
single specimen, such as that shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
expressed as a percentage of the original dimension.
Alternatively, a holder such as that shown in Fig. 3 may be
used to immerse several specimens at a time. However, checks
4. Significance and Use
must be made to assure that contact among the specimens does
4.1 As a result of the manufacturing process, internal
not result in errors.
5.5 Ruler, graduated in millimetres.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics
6. Test Specimen
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting.
6.1 The test specimen shall consist of 100 by 100-mm
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1996. Published February 1997. Originally
published as D 2732 – 68 T. Last previous edition D 2732 – 83 (1989)e .
samples.
This revision has incorporated an ISO equivalency statement, a revised precision
6.2 A minimum of two specimens is necessary for each test
and bias statement, keywords, and some of the note material has been included in
temperature.
the text.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2732
NOTE:
1 1
1. (A) Cut hardware cloth 6 ⁄8 by 6 ⁄8.
(B) Form a pocket in center of cloth.
(C) Weld cloth to frame as shown.
2. Two required for assembly.
FIG. 1 Construction of Top and Bottom Grid Retainers of Specimen Holder
6.3 The material shall be sampled in accordance with should restrain the specimen from floating in the bath medium
Practice D 1898. while allowing free circulation of the bath medium around the
specimen. Multiple specimens can be tested but care should be
7. Conditioning
exercised to prevent restraint between the specimens.
7.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6
8.3 Observe and record the temperature of the bath before
2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 % relat
...

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4.1 The attribute of clarity of a sheet, measured by its ability to transmit image-forming light, correlates with its regular transmittance. Sensitivity to differences improves with decreasing incident beam- and receptor-angle. If the angular width of the incident beam and of the receptor aperture (as seen from the specimen position) are of the order of 0.1° or less, sheeting of commercial interest have a range of transparency of about 10 to 90 % as measured by this test. Results obtained by the use of this test method are greatly influenced by the design parameters of the instruments; for example, the resolution is largely determined by the angular width of the receptor aperture. Caution should therefore be exercised in comparing results obtained from different instruments, especially for samples with low regular transmittance.  
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5.1 When a drop of liquid rests on the surface of a solid, and a gas is in contact with both, the forces acting at the interfaces must balance. These forces can be represented by surface energies acting in the direction of the surfaces and it follows that:
   where:
  θ  =  angle of contact of the edge of the drop with the solid surface,   γGL  =  surface energy of the gas - liquid interface,   γGS  =  surface energy of the gas - solid interface, and   γSL  =  surface energy of the solid - liquid interface.    
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5.1.2 When the gas is air saturated with vapors of the liquid, γGL will be the surface tension of the liquid. If the angle of contact is 0° the liquid is said to just wet the surface of the solid, and in this particular case (since cos θ = 1) the wetting tension of the solid will be equal to the surface tension of the liquid.  
5.2 The ability of polyethylene and polypropylene films to retain inks, coatings, adhesives, etc., is primarily dependent upon the character of their surfaces, and can be improved by one of several surface-treating techniques. These same treating techniques have been found to increase the wetting tension of a polyethylene or a polypropylene film surface in contact with mixtures of formamide and ethyl Cellosolve in the presence of air. It is therefore possible to relate the wetting tension of a polyethylene or a polypropylene film surface to its ability to accept and retain inks, coatings, adhesives, etc. The measured wetting tension of a specific film surface can only be related to acceptable ink, coating, or adhesive retention through experience. Wetting tension in itself is not a completely acceptable measur...
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.  
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4.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain the diffuse light transmittance factor of both flat and corrugated translucent building panels by the use of simple apparatus and by employing as a light source a combination of fluorescent tubes whose energy distribution closely approximates CIE Source C.
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