ASTM D4158-08(2012)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The resistance to abrasion of textile materials is affected by many factors in a complex manner. The results obtained from the use of this instrument assist in evaluating these factors relative to the wear serviceability of the final textile product in specific end uses. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors that include the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, amount of treatment added to the fibers, yarns or fabric; the nature of the abradant; the tension on the specimen; the pressure between the specimen and the abradant; and the dimensional changes in the specimen. Experience has shown in many instances, that relative results obtained with this instrument when used on a series of fabrics, agreed with those obtained based upon performance in end use. However, caution is advised because anomalous results may occur due to uncontrolled factors in manufacturing or other processes. Specific instances have been described. , , , In any event, anomalous results should be studied to further understand the complex behavior that may occur as a result of abrasion that may in turn assist in the development of more durable fabrics.
Testing some specimens under “wet” conditions can add another dimension to the evaluation of some textiles. Such testing under “wet” conditions can help ascertain the effect of changes in a fabric's resistance to abrasion when it becomes wet. This test can also increase the uniformity of the abrading action by washing away abrasion debris and preventing the build up of broken fibers that can interfere with the proper progression of the tests.
This test is used as a guide in evaluating textiles in quality control and in research.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistic...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the resistance to abrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the uniform abrasion testing instrument. Fabrics of all types including carpets, garments and nonwovens may be tested under this method.
Note 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4966, and AATCC Test Method 93.
1.1.1 Provisions are provided for testing specimens in dry and wet conditions. Four options for evaluation are included:
Option 1Fabric Rupture Option 2Mass Loss Option 3Thickness Loss Option 4Breaking Strength Loss
1.1.2 Provision is provided for testing specimens in the wet state.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4158 − 08(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Guide for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the resistance to
(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
abrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the uniform
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
abrasion testing instrument. Fabrics of all types including
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
carpets, garments and nonwovens may be tested under this
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
method.
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
textile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157,
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
D4966, and AATCC Test Method 93.
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
1.1.1 Provisions are provided for testing specimens in dry
Methods
and wet conditions. Four options for evaluation are included:
D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Option 1—Fabric Rupture
Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
Option 2—Mass Loss
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
Option 3—Thickness Loss
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
Option 4—Breaking Strength Loss
2.2 Other Documents:
1.1.2 Provision is provided for testing specimens in the wet
AATCC Test Method 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics:
state.
Accelerator Method
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,
3. Terminology
the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values
3.1 For all terms relating to D13.60, Fabric Test Methods,
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,
Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
ingvaluesfromthetwosystemsmayresultinnonconformance
abrasion, abrasion cycle, rotation.
with the specification.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety
nology D123.
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
4. Summary of Test
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
4.1 A specimen is mounted in a holder and abraded uni-
limitations prior to use.
formly in all directions in the plane and about every point of
2. Referenced Documents
the surface of the specimen. The settings of the instrument,
method of mounting specimens, conditions of test (conditioned
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or wet), and criteria to be used in evaluating abrasive wear in
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
the test, depend upon the nature of the specimen to be tested
1 and the use to be made of the test results. Abrasion resistance
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, for wear is evaluated by one or more conditions of destruction,
Specific.
a defined surface damage, loss in the mass, strength or
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
thickness of test specimens, or by increased weakness in the
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4158 – 08. DOI:
10.1520/D4158-08R12.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
the ASTM website. www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4158 − 08 (2012)
sample as shown by a subsequent test by another method, series. If a bias is found, either a cause must be found and
depending on the material or its intended use. corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-
ation of the known bias.
5. Significance and Use
5.4 Thistestisuniqueandissignificantlydifferentfromany
5.1 The resistance to abrasion of textile materials is affected
other existing abrading test.
by many factors in a complex manner. The results obtained
5.5 This guide may also be used as a technique for pretreat-
fromtheuseofthisinstrumentassistinevaluatingthesefactors
ing material for subsequent testing. For example, a predeter-
relative to the wear serviceability of the final textile product in
mined number of abrasion cycles at specified test conditions
specific end uses. The resistance to abrasion is affected by
may be performed on a series of specimens, which are then
many factors that include the inherent mechanical properties of
subjected to a strength or barrier performance test.
the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the
yarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, amount of 5.6 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-
treatment added to the fibers, yarns or fabric; the nature of the sured by this guide does not include all the factors which
abradant;thetensiononthespecimen;thepressurebetweenthe accountforwearperformanceordurabilityinactualuse.While
the “abrasion resistance” stated in terms of the number of
specimen and the abradant; and the dimensional changes in the
specimen. Experience has shown in many instances, that cycles and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand
deterioration or wearing out in use, including the effects of
relative results obtained with this instrument when used on a
series of fabrics, agreed with those obtained based upon abrasion) are frequently related. The relationship varies with
different end uses, and different factors may be necessary in
performance in end use. However, caution is advised because
anomalous results may occur due to uncontrolled factors in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion
data.
manufacturing or other processes. Specific instances have been
4,5,6,7
described. In any event, anomalous results should be 5.6.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication of
relative end-use suitability in cases where the difference in
studied to further understand the complex behavior that may
occur as a result of abrasion that may in turn assist in the abrasion resistance of various materials is large, but they
should not be relied upon for prediction of performance during
development of more durable fabrics.
actual wear life for specific end uses unless there are data
5.2 Testing some specimens under “wet” conditions can add
showing the specific relationship between laboratory abrasion
another dimension to the evaluation of some textiles. Such
tests and actual wear in the intended end use.
testing under “wet” conditions can help ascertain the effect of
5.7 The pressure and tension used is varied, depending on
changes in a fabric’s resistance to abrasion when it becomes
wet. This test can also increase the uniformity of the abrading themassandnatureofthematerialandtheenduseapplication.
action by washing away abrasion debris and preventing the Whenever possible all materials that are to be compared with
build up of broken fibers that can interfere with the proper each other should be tested under the same pressure and
progression of the tests. tension.
5.8 When abrasion tests are continued to total destruction,
5.3 This test is used as a guide in evaluating textiles in
quality control and in research. abrasion resistance comparisons are not practical for fabrics
have a different mass because the change in abrasion resistance
5.3.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more), is not directly proportional to the change in the fabric mass.
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
5.9 Alltheguidesandinstrumentsthathavebeendeveloped
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
forabrasionresistancemayshowahighdegreeofvariabilityin
assistance.As a minimum, the test samples should be used that
results obtained by different operators and in different labora-
are as homogenous as possible, that are drawn from the
tories; however, they represent the methods most widely used
material from which the disparate test results were obtained,
in the industry. Because there is a definite need for measuring
and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
the relative resistance to abrasion, this is one of the several
laboratoryfortesting.Otherfabricswithestablishedtestvalues
standardized guides and methods that is useful to help mini-
may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two
mize the inherent variation in results that may occur.
laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1 The Uniform Abrasion Tester , shown in Figs. 1 and 2,
Schiefer, H. F. and Krasny, J. F., “Note on the Disintegration of Wool in consists of an abrading mechanism, specimen supporting
Abrasion Tests,” Textile Research Journal , Vol 19, January 1950, pp. 802–809;
mechanism, and driving mechanism. Essentially, the surface of
Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 44, January 1950, pp. 9–14
the abradant lies in a plane parallel to the surface supporting
(Research Paper RP 2054).
the specimen and presses upon the specimen.The abradant and
Schiefer, H. F., Crean, L. E. and Krasny, J. F. “Improved Single-Unit Schiefer
Abrasion Testing Machine,” Journal of Research , Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 42,
specimen rotate in the same direction at very nearly but not
May, 1949, pp. 259–269. ASTM Bulletin, No. 159, July 1949, pp. 73–78 (TP133).
quite the same angular velocity (250 rpm) on noncoaxial axes
Schiefer, H. F., “Solution of Problem Producing Uniform Abrasion and its
which are parallel to within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.).
Application to the Testing Machine,” Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau of Standard
Vol. 39, July 1947 (Research Paper R1807).
Schiefer, H. F., and Werntz, C. W., “Interpretation of Tests for Resistance to
Abrasion of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, Vol XXII No. 1, January 1952. Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
D4158 − 08 (2012)
be applied to the specimen by changing the mass of the clamp
seat,forexample,byaddingauxiliaryweightsasin6.1.2.1.For
rigid mounting of thick, stiff fabrics such as carpeting and
somefeltsusethespecimenclampandmountingaidsshownin
Fig. 4. Screw the assembly onto the specimen shaft in place of
the presser foot and specimen clamp seat (E, Fig. 2).
6.1.4 The driving mechanism consists of a motor-driven
auxiliary drive shaft connected to the abradant shaft and
specimen shaft by spur gears.
6.1.5 The instrument shall be equipped with (1) a counter
(G, Fig. 2) resettable to indicate the number of rotations in a
test; (2) a sensitive microswitch (H, Fig. 2) to stop the machine
automatically when a tension-suspended specimen is worn
through. A thickness gage (I, Fig. 2), when specified, is
available to measure changes in thickness of the specimen
during the test.
6.1.5.1 Alternately the instrument may be equipped with a
programmable counter that will stop the instrument upon
reaching a preset number of rotations.
6.1.6 Abradant—Shall be sufficiently greater in diameter
than the specimen supporting the surface that the latter lies
entirely inside the periphery of the abradant during a test. A
spring steel blade abradant (B, Fig. 3), which is essentially
constant in its action for a long period of use, shall be used for
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Uniform Abrasion Testing Machine
woven, felted, pile, and knitted fabrics and a cross-cut tungsten
tool steel blade abradant (A, Fig. 3) for coated fabrics, unless
6.1.1 The small difference in speed is to permit each part of
otherwise specified in the material specification.
the specimen to come in contact with a different part of the
6.1.6.1 Abrasion tests are subject to variations due to
abradant at each rotation. Each rotation is equivalent to one
changes in the abradant during specific tests. The spring steel
cycle.
blade abradant and the cross-cut tungsten tool steel blade
6.1.2 The abrading mechanism consists of the abradant
abradant are considered permanent abradants that have a
mounted at the lower end of a shaft, weights placed on the
hardened metal surface. It is assumed that the abradant will not
upper end of the shaft to produce constant pressure between
change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously
abradant and specimen throughout the test, lever and cam for
similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely
raising and lowering the abradant, shaft, and weights. A
change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent
counterweight for balancing the abradant and abradant shaft is
abradants may also change due to pick-up of treatments or
needed when tests are to be carried out at low pressure.
other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be
6.1.2.1 Weights, in increments of 500 g (1 lb) that are
cleanedatfrequentintervals.Consequently,dependinguponits
capable of providing up to a total of 5 kg (10 lb) to the
usage, the abradant must be checked periodically against a
specimen in pressure. Individual weight tolerances are 61%.
standard.
6.1.3 The specimen-supporting mechanism provides for
6.1.6.2 Acetone, or other appropriate solvent to clean the
tension mounting of thinner, more flexible materials and rigid
flex bar (see 8.1)
mounting of thick, stiff materials. For the first, a plastic
1 1 1
pressure foot 12.5, 25, 31, 38, or 50 mm ( ⁄2,1,1 ⁄4,1 ⁄2,or2 6.1.7 The standard abrasives, emery cloth, sandpaper, duck,
in.) in diameter, as prescribed, shall be mounted at the upper canvas, or other cloth in a suitable holder may be needed as an
end of the specimen shaft to fix th
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