ASTM C20-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of burned refractory brick:
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
1.1.2 Water absorption,
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
1.2 These test methods are not applicable to refractories attacked by water.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C 20 – 00
Standard Test Methods for
Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific
Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and
Shapes by Boiling Water
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC20;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used
for determining any or all of these properties.
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods which
following properties of burned refractory brick:
are suitable for use in quality control, research and develop-
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
ment, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with
1.1.2 Water absorption,
specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods
1.1.4 Bulk density.
are that the test specimens are not attacked by water, the test
1.2 These test methods are not applicable to refractories
specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration,
attacked by water.
and original faces, the open pores of the test specimens are
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
fully impregnated with water during the boiling treatment, and
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
the blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as
information only.
specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid with-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
drawing water from the pores. Deviation from any of these
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
assumptions adversely affects the test results.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
was noted between formed2X2X 2–in. (50 X 50 X 50–mm)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and specimens that were quartered from larger9X4.5X2.5
2. Referenced Documents (228 X 114 X 64 mm) cast specimens.Additionally, an error in
the apparent porosity determination on castables was found
2.1 ASTM Standards:
whenever the specimens were heated to 1500°F (816°C) and
C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
then exposed to water as a saturation media (Test Method C
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
830). The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with
Firebrick
water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
noted. It was concluded that an erron in porosity values could
3. Significance and Use
occur for refractory materials having a potential to form
hydrated species with water. Supporting data were filed at
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific
ASTM headquarters and can be obtained by requesting Re-
gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of burned
search Report 1014.
refractory brick and shapes. These properties are widely used
3.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting
in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part
and using results from these test methods. All four property
of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a
values are interrelated by at least two of the three base data
values generated during testing.Thus, an error in any base data
value will cause an error in at least three of the property values
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 on
for a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is,
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
Tests and Properties.
apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions of
Current edition approved April 10, 2000. Published June 2000. Originally
other factors such as product composition, compositional
published as C 20 – 18 T. Last previous edition C 20 – 97.
variability within the same product, impervious porosity, and
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. total porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of property
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 20–00
values should only be judiciously made between like products the surface and determine the saturated weight, W, in grams by
tested by these test methods or with full recognition of weighing in air to the nearest 0.1 g. Perform the blotting
potentially inherent differences between the products being operation by rolling the specimen lightly on the wet cloth,
compared or the test method used. which has previously been saturated with water, and then press
only enough to remove such water as will drip from the cloth.
4. Test Specimens
Excessive blotting will induce error by withdrawing water
4.1 When testing 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick, use a
from the pores of the specimen.
quarter-brick specimen by halving the brick along a plane
6. Calculation
parallel to the 9 by 2- ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face and
1 1
6.1 Exterior Volume, V—Obtain the volume, V, of the test
along a plane parallel to the 4- ⁄2 by 2- ⁄2 or 3-in. (114 by 64 or
specimens in cubic centimetres by subtracting the suspended
76-mm) face. Four of the surfaces of the resultant quarter-brick
weight from the saturated weight, both in grams, as follows:
specimen include part of the original molded faces.
4.2 When testing other refractory shapes, cut, drill, or break
V, cm 5 W 2 S
from each shape a specimen having volume of approximately
(1)
3 3
25 to 30 in. (410 to 490 cm ). The specimen shall include
NOTE 1—This assumes that 1 cm of water weighs 1 g. This is true
interior and exterior portions of the shape.
within about 3 parts in 1000 for water at room temperature.
4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each speci-
6.2 Volumes of Open Pores and Impervious Portions—
men.
Calculate the volume of open pores and the volume of the
impervious portions of the specimen as follows:
5. Procedure
5.1 Dry Weight, D:
Volume of open pores, cm 5 W 2 D (2)
5.1.1 Dry the test specimens to constant weight by heating
Volume of impervious portion, cm 5 D 2 S (3)
to 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) and determine the dry weight,
D, in grams to the nearest 0.1 g.
5.1.2 The drying procedure may be omitted only when the
6.3 Apparent Porosity, P—The apparent porosity ex-
test specimens are known to be dry, as may be the case with
presses as a
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