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ASTM A928/A928M-14(2021)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal

Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standard requirements for ferritic/austenitic (duplex) stainless steel pipe that is electric fusion welded with addition of filler metal suitable for corrosive service. Heat treatment shall be performed after welding and in accordance with specified temperature and quench conditions. Several grades of ferritic/austenitic steel shall conform to the requirements of the applicable specification and grade designation. Heat and product analyses shall be conducted and shall conform to the requirements for the particular grade. The plate used in making the pipe shall conform to the required tensile properties. The steel pipe shall undergo several mechanical tests including transverse tension test, transverse guided-bend test, nondestructive test, hydrostatic test, and nondestructive electric test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electric-fusion-welded steel pipe suitable for corrosive service.  
Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this specification for traditional terms such as nominal diameter, size, and nominal size.  
1.2 This specification covers grades of ferritic/austenitic steel as indicated in Table 1. The selection of the proper alloy and requirements for heat treatment shall be at the discretion of the purchaser, dependent on the service conditions to be encountered.    
1.3 Five classes of pipe are covered as follows:  
1.3.1 Class 1—Pipe shall be double welded by processes using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed completely.  
1.3.2 Class 2—Pipe shall be double welded by processes using filler metal in all passes. No radiograph is required.  
1.3.3 Class 3—Pipe shall be single welded by processes using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed completely.  
1.3.4 Class 4—Same as Class 3, except that the weld pass exposed to the inside pipe surface is permitted to be made without the addition of filler metal (see 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2).  
1.3.5 Class 5—Pipe shall be double welded by processes using filler metal in all passes and shall be spot radiographed.  
1.4 Supplementary requirements covering provisions ranging from additional testing to formalized procedures for manufacturing practice are provided. Supplementary Requirements S1 through S4 are included as options to be specified in the purchase order when desired.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the M designation of the specification is specified in the order.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2021
ICS
25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.10 - Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM A928/A928M-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler MetalASTM A928/A928M-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
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ASTM A928/A928M-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A928/A928M −14 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Specification for
Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric
1
Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA928/A928M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
1.1 This specification covers electric-fusion-welded steel
standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the M
pipe suitable for corrosive service.
designation of the specification is specified in the order.
NOTE 1—The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
been substituted in this specification for traditional terms such as nominal
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
diameter, size, and nominal size.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 This specification covers grades of ferritic/austenitic
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
steel as indicated in Table 1. The selection of the proper alloy
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
andrequirementsforheattreatmentshallbeatthediscretionof
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the purchaser, dependent on the service conditions to be
encountered.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 Five classes of pipe are covered as follows:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3.1 Class 1—Pipe shall be double welded by processes
A240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chromium-
using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed
Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure
completely.
Vessels and for General Applications
1.3.2 Class 2—Pipe shall be double welded by processes
A480/A480M Specification for General Requirements for
using filler metal in all passes. No radiograph is required.
Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate,
1.3.3 Class 3—Pipe shall be single welded by processes
Sheet, and Strip
using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed
A941 TerminologyRelatingtoSteel,StainlessSteel,Related
completely.
Alloys, and Ferroalloys
1.3.4 Class 4—Same as Class 3, except that the weld pass
A999/A999M Specification for General Requirements for
exposed to the inside pipe surface is permitted to be made
Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
without the addition of filler metal (see 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2).
E426 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Examina-
1.3.5 Class 5—Pipe shall be double welded by processes
tion of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Titanium,
using filler metal in all passes and shall be spot radiographed.
Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys
3
1.4 Supplementary requirements covering provisions rang-
2.2 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:
ing from additional testing to formalized procedures for
Section III
manufacturing practice are provided. Supplementary Require-
Section VIII
ments S1 through S4 are included as options to be specified in
Section IX
the purchase order when desired. 4
2.3 AWS Specifications:
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
A5.4 Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the Nickel Steel Covered Welding Electrodes
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, the ASTM website.
3
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
A01.10 on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products. International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
Current edition approved March 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally www.asme.org.
4
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A928/A928M – 14. Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,
DOI: 10.1520/A0928_A0928M-14R21. Miami, FL 33126, http://www.aws.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
...

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4.1 The procedures described in Sections 7, 8, and 9, when implemented using suitable equipment and procedures in either a shop or field environment, produce strong pressure-tight joints equal to the strength of the piping material. Some materials are more adaptable to one technique than another. Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters; therefore, consider the manufacturer's instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.
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1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings (excluding polyethylene pipe and fittings) by means of heat fusion joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These procedures are general ones. Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion joining of polyethylene pipe and fittings.  
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This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
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1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.  
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.  
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ASTM F722-18(2022)(Specification)
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This specification covers typical details of welded joints commonly used in shipboard piping systems. These joints and other joints may be used provided the welding procedures used have been qualified in accordance with the applicable regulatory rules and regulations. The maximum butt weld reinforcement of differnet nominal wall thicknesses of pipe or tube shall be discussed.
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ASTM E3044/E3044M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Polyethylene Butt Fusion Joints

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5.1 This practice is intended primarily for the automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination of butt fusion joints used in the construction of polyethylene piping systems.  
5.2 Polyethylene piping has been used in lieu of steel alloys in the petrochemical, power, water, gas distribution and mining industries due to its reliability and resistance to corrosion and erosion. Recently, polyethylene pipe has also been used for nuclear safety-related cooling water applications.  
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1.1 This practice establishes procedures for ultrasonic testing (UT) of butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe. Although high density polyethylene (HDPE) and medium density polyethylene (MDPE) materials are most commonly used, the procedures described may apply to other types of polyethylene.
Note 1: The notes in this practice are for information only and shall not be considered part of this specification.
Note 2: This practice references HDPE and MDPE for pipe applications as defined by Specification D3350.  
1.2 This practice does not address ultrasonic examination of electrofusion joints (coupling joints), socket joints, or saddles.  
1.3 This practice provides two ultrasonic examination procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for examination and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.3.1 Examination Procedure A, Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD), uses a pair of probes, one transmitting and the other receiving. The procedure usually, although not necessarily, requires access to both sides of the joint from one surface. Provided that position encoding is used, the procedure can be conducted by semi-automated or automated means that provide recoded imaging.  
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FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of Weld Zones and Discontinuities  
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1.1 This practice covers the requirements for mechanized ultrasonic examination of girth welds. Evaluation is based upon the results of mechanized ultrasonic examination. Acceptance criteria are based upon flaw limits defined by an Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) or other accept/reject criteria defined by the Contracting Agency.  
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5.1 This standard practice is a procedure to evaluate the ductility of side bend test specimens that are a transverse section of the pipe wall and butt fusion. Side bend test specimens are prepared from bend test coupons from sample polyethylene pipe butt fusion joints that are made using polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and greater. A three-point bend is applied to the side bend test specimen by pressing the side bend test specimen into a gap between two rotatable supports with a loading nose. The bending load is applied such that the bending strain is transverse to the plane of the fusion joint.  
5.2 Equipment for cutting bend test coupons, preparing side bend test specimens and conducting this practice is available for laboratory and for field use.  
5.3 Benchmark criteria for evaluating field testing results are developed by testing a statistically valid number of sample butt fusions in a controlled environment, preferably using equipment for field use. Guided side bend test results from field tests are then evaluated by comparison to benchmark test results from the controlled environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, specimen preparation and procedure for conducting a guided three point side bend evaluation of a transverse specimen cut from a coupon removed from a butt fusion joint in polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and thicker. See Fig. 1. This practice provides a means to assess ductility of a butt fusion joint by applying a lateral (side) bending strain across a specimen taken from the full butt fusion cross-section, from outside diameter to inside diameter.  
Note 1: For wall thicknesses less than 1 in. the user is referred to Practice F2620, Appendix X4.1 for bend back testing.
FIG. 1 Guided Side Bend Conceptual Schematic  
1.2 No test values are provided by this practice. The result is a non-numerical report. Criteria for test result evaluation are provided in standards or codes that specify the use of this practice by comparison to benchmark laboratory results as described in 5.3 or by comparison to example results presented in Appendix X1 to this practice.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: Laboratory methods that are commonly used for testing polyethylene butt fusion joints include Test Method D638, Test Method D790 and Test Method F2634.
Note 3: This practice has been developed for use on butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe with a wall thickness of 1.00 in. or greater. The practice may be used on butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe with thinner wall thicknesses. However, the applicability of the practice should be determined by the user of the practice.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2261/E2261M-17(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of the alternating current field measurement method is to evaluate welds for surface breaking discontinuities such as fabrication and fatigue cracks. The examination results may then be used by qualified organizations to assess weld service life or other engineering characteristics (beyond the scope of this practice). This practice is not intended for the examination of welds for non-surface breaking discontinuities.
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1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during alternating current field measurement examination of welds for baseline and service-induced surface breaking discontinuities.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on welds in any metallic material.  
1.3 This practice does not establish weld acceptance criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system might not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3052-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Examination of Carbon Steel Welds Using An Eddy Current Array

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Eddy Current Arrays for Crack Detection and Sizing in Carbon Steel Welds—Eddy current sensor arrays permit rapid examination of carbon steel welds for surface-breaking cracks located on the surface closest to the sensor array. As described in Guide E2884, these sensor arrays can have multiple drive-sense pairs for each element of the array or a large single drive winding construct with multiple individual sense elements. However, not all ECA probe designs allow for accurate depth sizing of such discontinuities over a significant range (several millimeters, for example). To achieve proper crack depth sizing, the system shall exhibit certain characteristics, such as: (1) a lift-off signal that allows monitoring the lift-off over the range of values of interest for the examination, (2) suitable separation between the lift-off signal and the defect signal (this depends upon the instrument used and can be viewed as a phase separation in an impedance plane display), (3) the capability to make use of the lift-off values for crack depth determination, (4) the capability to take into account material properties variations for crack depth determination along and across the weld, and (5) a uniform sensitivity for the sensing elements of the array in order to provide an effective single-pass examination, which is expected when using an array sensor.  
4.2 Array Sensors and Single Sensing Element Sensors—Depending on the weld geometry, it may be possible to use either a sensor array or a sensor with a single sensing element. The sensor array generally provides a better spatial representation of the weld properties and an improved probability of detection for discontinuities. The size of the array, as well as the size and number of individual sensing elements within the array depend on the weld geometry and other factors such as target discontinuities. When a single-sensing element sensor is used, it shall produce signals that exhibit the characteristics listed in 4.1 and th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of an eddy current array (ECA) or an eddy current sensor for nondestructive examination of carbon steel welds. It includes the detection and sizing of surface-breaking cracks in such joints, accommodating for nonmagnetic and nonconductive coating up to 5 mm thick between the sensor and the joint. The practice covers a variety of cracking defects, such as fatigue cracks and other types of planar discontinuities, at various locations in the weld (heat-affected zone, toe area, and weld cap, for example). It covers the length and depth sizing of such surface-breaking discontinuities. This practice can be used for flush-ground and not flush-ground welds. For specific ferrous alloys or specific welded parts, the user may need a more specific procedure.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E190-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of Welds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guided bend test as described in this test method is used to evaluate the quality of welds as a function of ductility as evidenced by their ability to resist cracking during bending.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a guided bend test for the determination of soundness and ductility of welds in ferrous and nonferrous products. Flaws, not shown by X rays, can appear in the surface of a specimen when it is subjected to progressive localized overstressing.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F3507-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Butt-Fusion Joining of Crosslinkable Polyethylene (CX-PE) Pipe and Tubing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in Section 8 are intended for butt-fusion joining of CX-PE pipe and tubing, using suitable equipment and appropriate environmental control procedures. Appropriate controls are established on the butt-fusion joining process to ensure that the pipe is suitable for joining, that the operator is properly trained, that adequate apparatus and procedures are used, and that the process is protected from environmental extremes. The controls are established by testing butt-fusion joints, operator skills, the apparatus and the procedures used. When this practice is properly implemented, strong pressure and leak-tight joints are produced. When joints made in accordance with this practice are destructively tested, failures are expected to occur outside the fusion-joined area.  
5.1.1 This practice shall not be used to join PEX pipe or tubing made in accordance with Specification F876 or any other PEX pipe or system specification. This practice is not intended to be used for pipe or tubing to be crosslinked by radiation or by using peroxides. This practice shall not be used to join CX-PE pipe that has been commissioned. CX-PE pipe that has been commissioned is crosslinked pipe.  
5.2 Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters, therefore, consider the manufacturers instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.  
5.3 The butt fusion procedures in this practice are suitable for joining CX-PE pipe and tubing that is used in pressure, low pressure, and non-pressure applications. For some applications, qualification of the procedure by testing joints made using the procedure in accordance with regulations from the authority having jurisdiction are required.  
5.4 This butt-fusion joining practice shall only be used to join pipe or tubing made from compatible CX-PE compounds and meeting the same specification dimensions for ou...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for making butt fusion joints with crosslinkable polyethylene (CX-PE) pipe and tubing2 which is less than 30 % crosslinked at the time of joining. This practice shall not be applied to crosslinked products, that is PEX pipe or tubing or to CX-PE after commissioning3 (commissioning transitions CX-PE pipe into crosslinked pipe).
Note 1: For avoidance of doubt, CX-PE is a completely different product than PEX, especially for the purposes of butt-fusion joining and the fabrication of fittings. The two must not be confused by the reader of this standard.  
1.2 The main difference between this practice and Practice F2620 is that the production date of pipe must be checked prior to butt fusion. Field experiments have indicated that it is best to make heat fused joints before the pipe has aged six months to ensure it has not crosslinked more than 30 % at ambient conditions. (See 7.2.)  
1.3 Joints are made by means of butt-fusion joining in, but not limited to, a field environment. Other suitable butt-fusion joining procedures may be available from various sources including pipe and fitting manufacturers. This practice does not claim to address all possible butt-fusion joining procedures and does not prevent the use of qualified procedures developed by other parties that have been proven to produce reliable butt fusion joints.  
1.4 The parameters and procedures set forth in this practice are applicable to the butt-fusion joining of CX-PE pipe and tubing. Consult with the manufacturers of CX-PE pipe or tubing to ensure that they approve of the use of this practice for butt-fusion joining of their products. This practice applies to butt fusion of both CX-PE pipe and tubing even when tubing is not explicitly referred to.  
1.5 CX-PE pipe or tubing is required to produce sound joints when using the joining procedures described in this practice. Component ends joined in accordance with th...

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