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ASTM F2108-17(2022)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism

Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Prisms are useful tools for viewing areas otherwise obstructed or hidden from normal viewing. For example, transparency bolt holes, voids, and delaminations that are covered by edge strips or frames can be seen through a prism. The prism, once put against the transparency, with a coupling agent to wet the surfaces, allows viewing of the area below where the prism is placed.
SCOPE
1.1 Aerospace transparencies undergo high stresses induced by flight, environmental, or other factors. The transparency attachment points are especially subject to fatigue. These areas of fatigue are often obstructed or hidden from normal inspection. An inspector, following the techniques described in this practice, shall use a prism to view damage located near transparency bolt holes, voids, and delamination that are hidden by edge strips or frames.  
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide acceptable methods for performing prism inspections of transparent materials with specific emphasis on aircraft windscreens and canopies. Caveats and lessons learned from experience are included to assist authors in writing tailored inspection instructions for specific applications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2022
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
F07 - Aerospace and Aircraft
Drafting Committee
F07.08 - Transparent Enclosures and Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F2108-17(2022) - Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by PrismASTM F2108-17(2022) - Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
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ASTM F2108-17(2022) - Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2108 − 17 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2108; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.3 edge attachment, n—the means of fastening the side
edges of a transparency to the aircraft structure. Edge attach-
1.1 Aerospace transparencies undergo high stresses induced
ments also include expansion joints and any other connection
by flight, environmental, or other factors. The transparency
between the transparency and the aircraft structure.
attachment points are especially subject to fatigue. These areas
2.1.4 prism, n—a transparent optical element with polished
of fatigue are often obstructed or hidden from normal inspec-
plane faces for the entrance and exit sides. Prisms use
tion. An inspector, following the techniques described in this
refraction or internal reflection or both to change the direction
practice, shall use a prism to view damage located near
of the propagation of light.
transparency bolt holes, voids, and delamination that are
hidden by edge strips or frames.
3. Summary of Practice
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide acceptable
3.1 Prism inspections shall be performed with the aid of a
methods for performing prism inspections of transparent ma-
prism and a wetting agent. The wetting agent is between the
terials with specific emphasis on aircraft windscreens and
prism and transparency to ensure good visibility.The examiner
canopies. Caveats and lessons learned from experience are
looks through the prism to see the area of the transparency
included to assist authors in writing tailored inspection instruc-
below the prism. The exam is best done without bright
tions for specific applications.
sunlight, which causes glare. The examiner changes his angle
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of view and inspects the area seen in the prism. A trained eye
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
can detect anomalies such as cracks, delaminations, and voids.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.1 Prisms are useful tools for viewing areas otherwise
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- obstructed or hidden from normal viewing. For example,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- transparency bolt holes, voids, and delaminations that are
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the covered by edge strips or frames can be seen through a prism.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- The prism, once put against the transparency, with a coupling
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical agent to wet the surfaces, allows viewing of the area below
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. where the prism is placed.
5. Apparatus
2. Terminology
5.1 Prism—Material shall be of the same hardness as or
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
softer than the transparency to avoid scratches. The angles of
2.1.1 coupler, n—a liquid refractive index-matching agent
theprismshallbesetsoastomaximizetheviewingarea.Inthe
or wetting agent (for example, glycerol) used to create optical
case of a complex shape, the position of the inspector’s head
contact (coupling) between the prism and transparency.
and potential interference problems shall be considered to
2.1.2 delamination, n—the separation of a laminate into its
ensure the inspector can look through the prism at the proper
constituent parts. An edge delamination is open to the lami-
angles. A typical prism is a 30º–60º–90º triangle, although the
nate’s free edge. An internal delamination is contained within
prism does not need to be triangular; a simple rectagon shape
the laminate.
is also suitable.
5.2 Flashlight—A high output, halogen bulb works best.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 on Aerospace
5.3 Cover—To allow the inspector to shade the inspection
andAircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 on Transparent
area if the inspection is done in bright sunlight.
Enclosures and Materials.
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published June 2022. Originally
6. Reagents
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F2108 – 17. DOI:
10.1520/F2108-17R22. 6.1 Use glycerol (USPGrade) as a coupler or wetting agent.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2108 − 17 (2022)
6.1.1 The wetting agent shall not harm the transparency (for
example, cause crazing), shall be clear, and shall have a high
enough viscosity to stay in place reasonably well.
6.2 Use distilled water.
7. Procedure
7.1 Use methods shall be approved by the procuring agency
or parts manufacturer. One example is to use a water rinse to
clean the area of the transparency thoroughly where the prism
will be placed. Assure the prism is also clean. Any debris will
cause scratches to the delicate optical surfaces.
7.1.1 Clean the prism with standard optical cleaning solu-
tions appropriate for the material from which it is made. See
Note 1.
7.2 If using glycerol, store it in a cool dry place, such as a
refrigerator designated for chemicals, so it will be thicker.
Apply several drops of coupler to the side of the prism that
goes against the transparency. Ensure there is enough coupling
FIG. 2 Standard Nomenclature
between the prism and transparency to allow a good viewing
area. (Warning—Do not allow the prism to slide along the
transparency with no wetting agent between them or scratches
will occur.)
canopy keeps air out of the coupler and allows the coupler to
7.3 The prism is placed on the transparency and the viewing
spread farther. See Note 2.
area location as shown in Fig. 1.When moving the prism along
7.5 Gently press the prism (of appropriate size and shape, as
the transparency use light pressure. Do not allow the glycerol
described below) to the transparency.Alter the pressure on the
to get on the viewing surface of the prism, as it will smear the
prism corners to remove any trapped air. To keep the prism
viewing area.
clean, the least amount of glycerol shall be used. Hold only the
7.4 Acoupler is required to provide an optical path between
edges of the prism and use gentle pressure. (Warning—If the
theprismandcanopy.Placingsmallamounts(severaldrops)of
coupler gets onto the viewing face of the prism, the area of
coupler on both the canopy and the prism tends to work best.
interest will be blurred. Keep the prism’s viewing face clean.)
Glycerol is a good coupler. The coupler material shall be
7.6 A light source, such as a flashlight aids in optical
compatible with the transparency material, the clearer and the
clarification. This inspection technique does not work well in
more viscous the better. Gentle pressure between the prism and
bright sunlight. Bright sunlight causes glare that clouds the
viewing area. The inspection works best at night while using a
flashlight.
NOTE 1—Any debris will cause scratches to the delicate optical
surfaces.
NOTE 2—Using too much coupler will make cleanup more difficult and
make it difficult to keep the prism viewing area clean.
7.7 Look through the top of the prism to view the area of
interest. The prism shall be moved up or down to get the
viewing area to the proper depth. When looking through t
...

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5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.  
1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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ASTM
ASTM E1901-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
6.2 Although not all requirements of this guide can be applied universally to all examinations, situations, and materials, it does provide basis for establishing contractual criteria between the users, and may be used as a general guide for preparing detailed specifications for a particular application.  
6.3 This guide is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable with the beam normal to the entry surface. If discontinuities or other orientations are of concern, alternate scanning techniques are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
1.2 This guide complements Practice E114 by providing more detailed procedures for the selection and standardization of the examination system and for evaluation of the indications obtained.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E165/E165M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, location, and to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical service items, volume of parts, portability, or localized areas of examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on the design and service requirements of the parts or materials being tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for penetrant examination of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examinations. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as nonporous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain nonporous plastics, and glass.  
1.2 This practice also provides a reference:  
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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