ASTM D8290-22

Standard Test Method for Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in Aviation Turbine Fuel using Mid-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The present and growing international governmental requirements to add FAME (biodiesel, as specified in standards such as Specification D6751 and EN 14214) to diesel fuel has had the side effect of leading to potential FAME contamination of jet turbine fuel in multifuel transport facilities such as cargo tankers and pipelines. FAME has been added as an identified incident material to Table 3 of Specification D1655 in which a permitted level of contamination is specified.  
5.2 This test method has been developed for use in the supply chain by nonspecialized personnel to detect all kinds of FAME covering the range of 10 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg.
Note 3: This test method can be used to screen for unconverted esters from lipid co-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon synthetic kerosene in aviation turbine fuel. This application is detailed in X1.2.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content in aviation turbine fuel in the range of 10 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg by measuring infrared (IR) transmission before, during, and after FAME is converted to molecules that absorb in a different spectral region than FAME using a selective chemical reaction facilitated by a suitable catalyst.
Note 1: This test method detects all FAME components with peak IR absorbance at approximately 1749 cm-1 and C8 to C22 carbon chain length. The accuracy of this test method is based on the molecular weight of C16 to C18 FAME species. The presence of other FAME species with different molecular weights could affect the accuracy.
Note 2: Additives such as antistatic agents, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitors are measured with the FAME by mid IR absorption. However, these additives do not contribute to the differential absorption spectrum used to quantify FAME, as they do not take part in the selective reaction.  
1.2 This test method has interim repeatability precision only, see Section 15 for more information.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Dec-2022
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.J0.05 - Fuel Cleanliness

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D1655-24 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D6300-24 - Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4175-23a - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D6300-23a - Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D1655-23a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM D4175-23e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2023
• Refers: ASTM D6300-19a - Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and Lubricants
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM D6751-18 - Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2018
• Refers: ASTM D1655-18 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM D1655-17a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D1655-16c - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM D1655-16b - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2016
• Refers: ASTM D1655-16 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2016
• Refers: ASTM D6300-16 - Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and Lubricants
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM D6751-15c - Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015

Overview

ASTM D8290-22 is the internationally recognized standard test method for determining Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) content in aviation turbine fuel using mid-infrared laser spectroscopy. FAME, commonly known as biodiesel, is increasingly used in diesel fuel blends to meet governmental renewable energy mandates. However, unintentional contamination of aviation turbine fuel can occur through shared handling, transport, and storage infrastructure.

This standard provides a robust, quantitative method to detect and measure FAME contamination in jet fuel. It is designed for use throughout the supply chain, including by non-specialized personnel, and ensures compliance with specified industry limits to safeguard aviation safety and fuel quality.

Key Topics

• Scope of Measurement: Quantifies total FAME content in aviation turbine fuel within the range of 10 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg.
• Analytical Technique: Utilizes mid-infrared (IR) laser spectroscopy, measuring IR absorption before, during, and after a selective chemical reaction that specifically targets FAME molecules.
• User Requirements: Can be operated by personnel without specialized laboratory training, making it suitable for use at refineries, terminals, and airports.
• Precision and Reporting: The standard includes procedures for sample handling, instrument calibration, test execution, and reporting results to the nearest 0.1 mg/kg.
• International Relevance: Developed in accordance with the World Trade Organization TBT principles and compatible with global aviation fuel specifications.

Applications

• Fuel Quality Control: Ensures aviation turbine fuel meets regulatory and industry requirements by identifying and quantifying FAME contamination, as specified in ASTM D1655 and related standards.
• Supply Chain Monitoring: Valuable in pipeline, tanker, and storage facility operations where cross-contamination from biodiesel blends is possible.
• Compliance and Safety Assurance: Facilitates adherence to permitted FAME contamination levels, supporting aviation reliability and safety.
• Screening for Synthetic Components: Can also be used to screen for unconverted esters from co-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon synthetic kerosene, a growing component in sustainable aviation fuel production.
• Environmental and Regulatory Auditing: Provides a reliable basis for demonstrating fuel compliance in audits and regulatory reviews.

Related Standards

• ASTM D1655 – Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• ASTM D6751 – Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
• EN 14214 – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for use in diesel engines and heating applications
• ASTM D4057 / D4177 – Practices for Manual and Automatic Sampling of Petroleum Products
• ASTM D1298 / D4052 – Methods for Density and API Gravity Testing of Petroleum Products
• ASTM D4175 – Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

Practical Value

• Efficiency: Enables rapid and automated testing of aviation turbine fuel without the need for complex laboratory setups.
• Accuracy: Designed to detect FAME species matching the carbon chain length typical of biodiesel, ensuring relevant contamination is accurately measured.
• Usability: Tailored for broad application across the aviation fuel supply chain, supporting both large-scale operations and on-site quality control.
• Global Acceptance: Supports international trade and regulatory compliance by aligning with major aviation and fuel standards.

By following ASTM D8290-22, stakeholders ensure that aviation turbine fuel remains free from excessive FAME contamination, upholding both engine performance standards and flight safety across the global aviation industry.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8290 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in
Aviation Turbine Fuel using Mid-Infrared Laser
Spectroscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the quantification of the fatty
2.1 ASTM Standards:
acid methyl esters (FAME) content in aviation turbine fuel in
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
the range of 10 mg⁄kg to 400 mg⁄kg by measuring infrared
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
(IR) transmission before, during, and after FAME is converted ucts by Hydrometer Method
to molecules that absorb in a different spectral region than
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
FAME using a selective chemical reaction facilitated by a D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
suitable catalyst.
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
NOTE 1—This test method detects all FAME components with peak IR
-1
Petroleum Products
absorbanceatapproximately1749cm andC toC carbonchainlength.
8 22
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
The accuracy of this test method is based on the molecular weight of C
to C FAME species. The presence of other FAME species with different
18 Fuels, and Lubricants
molecular weights could affect the accuracy.
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
NOTE 2—Additives such as antistatic agents, antioxidants, and corro-
Petroleum Products
sion inhibitors are measured with the FAME by mid IR absorption.
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
However, these additives do not contribute to the differential absorption
spectrum used to quantify FAME, as they do not take part in the selective Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
reaction.
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)
1.2 This test method has interim repeatability precision
for Middle Distillate Fuels
only, see Section 15 for more information.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded 2.2 CEN Standard:
EN 14214 Liquid petroleum products – Fatty acid methyl
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. esters (FAME) for use in diesel engines and heating
applications – Requirements and test methods
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
to Terminology D4175.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.2 co-hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids, n—synthetic
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
hydrocarbons derived from the hydroprocessing of bio-derived
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids, and fatty acid
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
esters with conventional hydrocarbons in accordance with the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
requirements of Annex A1.2.2.1 in Specification D1655.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2022. Published January 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D8290 – 20. DOI: Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
10.1520/D8290-22. Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8290 − 22
3.1.3 fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), n—a biodiesel com- spectral absorbances appear in the IR spectrum close to
-1
posed of long chain fatty acid methyl esters derived from 1749 cm and react with the reactant, can affect the results of
vegetable or animal fats. this test method. Plasticizers: dibutyl-sebacate and drilling
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Used as a component in diesel fuel and fluid component: 2-ethyl hexyl acetate are known to increase
fuel oils, it is a potential source of contamination in aviation measurement readings obtained by this test method.
turbine fuel because of multi-fuel tankers and pipelines.
NOTE 4—In a limited study, dibutyl-sebacate at a concentration of
3.1.4 identified incidental materials, n—chemicalsandcom- 112.6 mg⁄kg in aviation turbine fuel gave an increased reading of
20.5 mg⁄kg.
positions that have defined upper content limits in an aviation
NOTE 5—In a limited study, 2-ethyl hexyl acetate at a concentration of
fuel specification but are not approved additives.
99.9 mg⁄kg in aviation turbine fuel gave an increased reading of
3.1.5 triglycerides, TAG, n—a naturally occurring ester 67.2 mg⁄kg.
formedfromglycerolandthreefattyacidgroups,whicharethe
6.2 Triglycerides—It is not possible to distinguish between
main constituents of natural fats and oils, biodiesel feedstocks,
triglycerides(thatis,vegetableoilsoranimalfats)orFAMEby
fats and/or oils, that have not been transesterified into bio-
this test method.
diesel.
NOTE 6—See X1.1 for further information on the measurement of
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
triglycerides.
3.2.1 column, n—multi-use stainless steel tube containing a
suitable catalyst that facilitates the selective conversion of
7. Apparatus
FAME to molecules that absorb in a different spectral region
7.1 An automatically controlled, closely integrated, instru-
than FAME.
ment comprising mid IR laser source, flow-through cell,
3.2.2 reactant, n—specific chemical that is added to the test
detector, peristaltic pump, syringe pump, column with column
specimen to convert FAME selectively in the presence of a
holder, temperature stabilization, low-pressure injector, au-
suitable catalyst to molecules that absorb in a different spectral
tosampler (optional), control and interface electronics, test
-1
region away from 1749 cm .
specimen and waste containers, and solenoid valves.
7.1.1 The processing computer may be integrated into the
4. Summary of Test Method
instrument.
4.1 Atest specimen of aviation turbine fuel is automatically
7.1.2 This apparatus and the required column are described
analyzed by mid infrared (IR) laser absorption before, during,
in more detail in A1.1.
and after FAME is converted to molecules that absorb in a
7.2 Inlet Filters, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), hydropho-
different spectral region than FAME. The FAME content is
bic with 3.0 µm pore size and a nominal housing diameter of
calculated from the differential absorption spectrum from
30 mm.
before and after the FAME conversion. This conversion is a
7.2.1 Filters containing plasticizers are not suitable as esters
chemical reaction between FAME and a reactant facilitated by
can be released.
a suitable catalyst. Test time is typically 23 min. IR absorption
of the bulk of the fuel does not contribute to the differential 7.3 Inlet Tubing, inert tubing with 1 mm inner diameter.
absorption spectrum used to quantify FAME, as bulk compo- 7.3.1 PTFEtubingcontainingnoplasticizershasbeenfound
nents do not take part in the selective reaction or absorb in
to be suitable.
different spectral regions than FAME.
7.4 Density Measuring Device—According to Test Methods
D1298, D4052, or equivalent national standards to determine
5. Significance and Use
the density of the aviation fuel test specimen if required.
5.1 The present and growing international governmental
requirementstoaddFAME(biodiesel,asspecifiedinstandards
8. Reagents and Materials
such as Specification D6751 and EN 14214) to diesel fuel has
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent-grade chemicals shall be
had the side effect of leading to potential FAME contamination
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
of jet turbine fuel in multifuel transport facilities such as cargo
all reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on
tankers and pipelines. FAME has been added as an identified
incident material to Table 3 of Specification D1655 in which a
permitted level of contamination is specified.
5.2 This test method has been developed for use in the
supply chain by nonspecialized personnel to detect all kinds of
FAME covering the range of 10 mg⁄kg to 400 mg⁄kg.
NOTE 3—This test method can be used to screen for unconverted esters
from lipid co-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon synthetic kerosene in aviation
The sole source of supply of the apparatus, FameSpec, column QRC, QRR02
turbine fuel. This application is detailed in X1.2.
Reactant, QRHCS01 Verification Sample, and QRHCF01 Calibration Fluids known
to the committee at this time is QuantaRed Technologies GmbH, Columbusgasse
6. Interferences 1-3/54, A-1100 Vienna, Austria. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please
provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will
6.1 Chemicals, which can arise during production, storage,
receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,
distribution or sampling, containing carbonyl groups, whose which you may attend.
D8290 − 22
Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where 10.6 Connect inlet filter(s) (7.2) and inlet tubing (7.3)tothe
such specifications are available. inlet port of the apparatus or the ports of the optional
autosampler if in use.
8.2 Cleaning Solvent, heptane, reagent grade. (Warning—
Highly flammable liquid and vapor. May be fatal if swallowed
NOTE 7—Inlet filters and inlet tubing are made of chemically inert
PTFEandcanbere-used.Itisrecommendedtochangefiltersiftheyshow
and enters airways. Causes skin irritation. May cause drowsi-
accumulation of jet fuel particulate.
ness or dizziness.)
4 10.7 Run a flushing sequence on the inlet port(s) to be used
8.3 Reactant.(Warning—Flammable liquid and vapor.
with air according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.)
8.4 Verification Fluids :
11. Calibration and Standardization
8.4.1 Verification Sample , heptane, containing between
11.1 Calibration:
45 mg⁄kg and 55 mg⁄kg FAME, gravimetrically prepared with
11.1.1 Calibrate the instrument according to the manufac-
a maximum expanded uncertainty of 1 mg⁄kg. (Warning—
turer’s instructions and Annex A2.
Highly flammable liquid and vapor. May be fatal if swallowed
and enters airways. Causes skin irritation. May cause drowsi- 11.2 Verification:
ness or dizziness.) 11.2.1 Follow the apparatus and test specimen preparation
4,6 instructions (Section 10) and check the validity of the verifi-
8.5 Calibration Fluids , a set of ten fluids of heptane
cation fluids to be used.
containing FAME meeting the requirements in Annex A2.
11.2.2 Verify the correct operation of the instrument using
(Warning—Highly flammable liquid and vapor. May be fatal
the verification fluid (8.4) in accordance with the manufactur-
if swallowed and enters airways. Causes skin irritation. May
er’s instructions after calibration and at least every six months
cause drowsiness or dizziness.)
or immediately after any maintenance on the measurement
8.6 Lint-Free Cloth,forcleaninganddryingthesampleinlet
system. More frequent performance checks shall be carried out
tubing.
according to local quality control requirements.
11.2.3 If the result is not within 62.5 mg⁄kg of the verifi-
9. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
cation fluid’s certified value, recheck the validity date of the
9.1 Unless otherwise specified, take a sample of at least
verification fluid and run a flushing sequence (10.7) and repeat
60 mL in accordance with Practices D4057 or D4177 or the
the verification.
requirements of national standards or regulations for the
NOTE 8—The value 62.5 mg⁄kg will be re-evaluated once the repro-
sampling of liquid fuels or both.
ducibility has been established in an interlaboratory study.
9.2 Use new, opaque glass or epoxy lined metal containers
11.2.4 If it is not possible to meet 11.2.3 on two subsequent
with inert closures.
attempts, the measurement system is out-of-control and cannot
be used to measure FAME in aviation turbine fuel until the
10. Preparation of Apparatus
cause of the out-of-control behavior is identified and corrected.
10.1 Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and on-screen
instructions for the correct setup and shutdown of the appara-
12. Procedure
tus.
12.1 Allow the test specimen to reach a temperature be-
10.2 Ensure that the verification and calibration of the
tween 10 °C and 30 °C before analysis.
instrument are in accordance with Section 11.
12.2 Commence the test measurement sequence and input
10.3 Ensure that the column (A1.1.3) is installed according
the sample density in kilograms per cubic metre and sample
to the manufacturer’s instructions and its specified use cycle
identification in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc-
and expiry date are not exceeded.
tions and the on-screen instructions.
10.4 Ensurethatthecolumncompartmenthasatemperature
12.3 Wipe dry the inlet tubing (7.3) using the lint-free cloth
between 25 °C and 50 °C.
(8.6) before commencing a test.
10.5 Gently swirl the sample for homogeneity before
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8290 − 20 D8290 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in
Aviation Turbine Fuel using Mid-Infrared Laser
Spectroscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the quantification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content in aviation turbine fuel in the range
of 10 mg ⁄kg to 400 mg ⁄kg by measuring infrared (IR) transmission before, during, and after FAME is converted to molecules that
absorb in a different spectral region than FAME using a selective chemical reaction facilitated by a suitable catalyst.
-1
NOTE 1—This test method detects all FAME components with peak IR absorbance at approximately 1749 cm and C to C carbon chain length. The
8 22
accuracy of this test method is based on the molecular weight of C to C FAME species. The presence of other FAME species with different molecular
16 18
weights could affect the accuracy.
NOTE 2—Additives such as antistatic agents, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitors are measured with the FAME by mid IR absorption. However, these
additives do not contribute to the differential absorption spectrum used to quantify FAME, as they do not take part in the selective reaction.
1.2 This test method has interim repeatability precision only, see Section 15 for more information.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020Dec. 15, 2022. Published December 2020January 2023. Originally approved in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as
D8290 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D8290-20.10.1520/D8290-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8290 − 22
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and
Lubricants
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
2.2 CEN Standard:
EN 14214 Liquid petroleum products – Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for use in diesel engines and heating applica-
tions – Requirements and test methods
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.1.2 co-hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids, n—synthetic hydrocarbons derived from the hydroprocessing of bio-derived
mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids, and fatty acid esters with conventional hydrocarbons in accordance with the
requirements of Annex A1.2.2.1 in Specification D1655.
3.1.3 fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), n—a biodiesel composed of long chain fatty acid methyl esters derived from vegetable or
animal fats.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Used as a component in diesel fuel and fuel oils, it is a potential source of contamination in aviation turbine fuel because of
multi-fuel tankers and pipelines.
3.1.4 identified incidental materials, n—chemicals and compositions that have defined upper content limits in an aviation fuel
specification but are not approved additives.
3.1.5 triglycerides, TAG, n—a naturally occurring ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups, which are the main
constituents of natural fats and oils, biodiesel feedstocks, fats and/or oils, that have not been transesterified into biodiesel.
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
D8290 − 22
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 column, n—multi-use column through which the test specimen flows stainless steel tube containing a suitable catalyst that
facilitates the selective conversion of FAME to molecules that absorb in a different spectral region than FAME.
3.2.2 reactant, n—specific chemical that is added to the test specimen to convert FAME selectively in the presence of a suitable
-1
catalyst to molecules that absorb in a different spectral region away from 1749 cm .
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A test specimen of aviation turbine fuel is automatically analyzed by mid infrared (IR) laser absorption before, during, and
after FAME is converted to molecules that absorb in a different spectral region than FAME. The FAME content is calculated from
the differential absorption spectrum from before and after the FAME conversion. This conversion is a chemical reaction between
FAME and a reactant facilitated by a suitable catalyst. Test time is typically 23 min. IR absorption of the bulk of the fuel does not
contribute to the differential absorption spectrum used to quantify FAME, as bulk components do not take part in the selective
reaction or absorb in different spectral regions than FAME.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The present and growing international governmental requirements to add FAME (biodiesel, as specified in standards such as
Specification D6751 and EN 14214) to diesel fuel has had the side effect of leading to potential FAME contamination of jet turbine
fuel in multifuel transport facilities such as cargo tankers and pipelines. FAME has been added as an identified incident material
to Table 3 of Specification D1655 in which a permitted level of contamination is specified.
5.2 This test method has been developed for use in the supply chain by nonspecialized personnel to detect all kinds of FAME
covering the range of 10 mg ⁄kg to 400 mg ⁄kg.
NOTE 3—This test method can be used to screen for unconverted esters from lipid co-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon synthetic kerosene in aviation turbine
fuel. This application is detailed in X1.2.
6. Interferences
6.1 Chemicals, which can arise during production, storage, distribution or sampling, containing carbonyl groups, whose spectral
-1
absorbances appear in the IR spectrum close to 1749 cm and react with the reactant, can affect the results of this test method.
Plasticizers: dibutyl-sebacate and drilling fluid component: 2-ethyl hexyl acetate are known to increase measurement readings
obtained by this test method.
NOTE 4—In a limited study, dibutyl-sebacate at a concentration of 112.6 mg ⁄kg in aviation turbine fuel gave an increased reading of 20.5 mg ⁄kg.
NOTE 5—In a limited study, 2-ethyl hexyl acetate at a concentration of 99.9 mg ⁄kg in aviation turbine fuel gave an increased reading of 67.2 mg ⁄kg.
6.2 Triglycerides—It is not possible to distinguish between triglycerides (that is, vegetable oils or animal fats) or FAME by this
test method.
NOTE 6—See X1.1 for further information on the measurement of triglycerides.
7. Apparatus
7.1 An automatically controlled, closely integrated, instrument comprising mid IR laser source, flow-through cell, detector,
peristaltic pump, syringe pump, column with column holder, temperature stabilization, low-pressure injector, autosampler
(optional), control and interface electronics, test specimen and waste containers, and solenoid valves.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus, FameSpec, column QRC, QRR02 Reactant, QRHCS01 Verification Sample, and QRHCF01 Calibration Fluids known to the
committee at this time is QuantaRed Technologies GmbH, Columbusgasse 1-3/54, A-1100 Vienna, Austria. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may
attend.
D8290 − 22
7.1.1 The processing computer may be integrated into the instrument.
7.1.2 This apparatus and the required column are described in more detail in A1.1.
7.2 Inlet Filters, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), hydrophobic with 3.0 μm pore size and a nominal housing diameter of 30 mm.
7.2.1 Filters containing plasticizers are not suitable as esters can be released.
7.3 Inlet Tubing, inert tubing with 1 mm inner diameter.
7.3.1 PTFE tubing containing no plasticizers has been found to be suitable.
7.4 Density Measuring Device—According to Test Methods D1298, D4052, or equivalent national standards to determine the
density of the aviation fuel test specimen if required.
8. Reagents and Materials
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent-grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where such
specifications are available.
8.2 Cleaning Solvent, heptane, reagent grade. (Warning—Highly flammable liquid and vapor. May be fatal if swallowed and
enters airways. Causes skin irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness.)
8.3 Reactant . (Warning—Flammable liquid and vapor. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.)
8.4 Verification Fluids :
8.4.1 Verification Sample , heptane, containing between 45 mg ⁄kg and 55 mg ⁄kg FAME, gravimetrically prepared with a
maximum expanded uncertainty of 1 mg ⁄kg. (Warning—Highly flammable liquid and vapor. May be fatal if swallowed and enters
airways. Causes skin irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness.)
4,6
8.5 Calibration Fluids , a set of ten fluids of heptane containing FAME meeting the requirements in Annex A2. (Warning—
Highly flammable liquid and vapor. May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways. Causes skin irritation. May cause drowsiness
or dizziness.)
8.6 Lint-Free Cloth, for cleaning and drying the sample inlet tubing.
9. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
9.1 Unless otherwise specified, take a sample of at least 60 mL in accordance with Practices D4057 or D4177 or the requirements
of national standards or regulations for the sampling of liquid fuels or both.
9.2 Use new, opaque glass or epoxy lined metal containers with inert closures.
10. Preparation of Apparatus
10.1 Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and on-screen instructions for the correct setup and shutdown of the apparatus.
ACS Reagent Chemicals, Specifications and Procedures for Reagents and Standard-Grade Reference Materials, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For
suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and
the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.
The following reagents and materials were used to develop the precision statements: Verification Sample and Calibration Fluids for FameSpec, QuantaRed Technologies
GmbH, Vienna, Austria. This is not an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.
D8290 − 22
10.2 Ensure that the verification and calibration of the instrument are in accordance with Section 11.
10.3 Ensure that the column (A1.1.3) is installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and its specified use cycle and expiry
date are not exceeded.
10.4 Ensure that the column compartment has a temperature between 25 °C and 50 °C.
10.5 Gently swirl the sample for homogeneity before drawing the test specimen.
10.5.1 Determine the density of the test specimen using the density measuring device (7.4) if the density is not known.
10.6 Connect inlet filter(s) (7.2) and inlet tubing (7.3) to the inlet port of the apparatus or the ports of the optional autosampler
if in use.
NOTE 7—Inlet filters and inlet tubing are made of chemically inert PTFE and can be re-used. It is recommended to change filters if they show accumulation
of jet fuel particulate.
10.7 Run a flushing sequence on the inlet port(s) to be used with air according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
11. Calibration and Standardization
11.1 Calibration:
11.1.1 Calibrate the instrument according to the manufacturer’s instructions and Annex A2.
11.2 Verification:
11.2.1 Follow the apparatus and test specimen preparation instructions (Section 10) and check the validity of the verification fluids
to be used.
11.2.2 Verify the correct operation of the instrument using the verification fluid (8.4) in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions after calibration and at least every six months or immediately after any maintenance on the measurement system. More
frequent performance checks shall be carried out according to local quality control requirements.
11.2.3 If the result is not within 62.5 mg ⁄kg of the verification fluid’s certified value, recheck the validity date of the verification
fluid and run a flushing sequence (10.7) and repeat the verification.
NOTE 8—The value 62.5 mg ⁄kg will be re-evaluated once the reproducibility has been established in an interl
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