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ASTM D2938-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens

Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens

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1.1 This test method specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining unconfined compressive strength of intact rock core specimens.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-1995
ICS
91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.12 - Rock Mechanics
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D2938-95 - Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core SpecimensASTM D2938-95 - Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
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ASTM D2938-95 - Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2938 – 95
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core
Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope because the latter are strongly influenced by joints, faults,
inhomogeneities, weakness planes, and other factors. There-
1.1 This test method specifies the apparatus, instrumenta-
fore, laboratory values for intact specimens must be employed
tion, and procedures for determining unconfined compressive
with proper judgement in engineering applications.
strength of intact rock core specimens.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
5. Apparatus
as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for
5.1 Loading Device, of sufficient capacity to apply load at a
information only.
rate conforming to the requirements set forth in 9.5. It shall be
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
verified at suitable time intervals in accordance with the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
procedures given in Practices E 4, and comply with the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
requirements prescribed therein. The loading device may be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
equipped with a displacement transducer that can be used to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
advance the loading ram at a specified rate.
2. Referenced Documents 5.2 Elevated-Temperature Enclosure—The elevated tem-
perature enclosure may be either an enclosure that fits in the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
loading apparatus or an external system encompassing the
D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
2 complete test apparatus. The enclosure may be equipped with
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock
humidity control for testing specimens in which the moisture
D 4543 Practice for Preparing Rock Core Specimens and
content is to be controlled. For high temperatures, a system of
Determining Dimensional and Shape Tolerances
heaters, insulation, and temperature measuring devices are
E 4 Practices for Load Verification of Testing Machines
normally required to maintain the specified temperature. Tem-
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate the
perature shall be measured at three locations, with one sensor
Average Quality of a Lot or Process
near the top, one at midheight, and one near the bottom of the
3. Summary of Test Method
specimen. The average specimen temperature based on the
midheight sensor shall be maintained to within 61°C of the
3.1 A rock core sample is cut to length and the ends are
required test temperature. The maximum temperature differ-
machined flat. The specimen is placed in a loading frame and,
ence between the midheight sensor and either end sensor shall
if required, heated to the desired test temperature. Axial load is
not exceed 3°C.
continuously increased on the specimen until peak load and
failure are obtained.
NOTE 1—An Alternative to measuring the temperature at three loca-
tions along the specimen during the test is to determine the temperature
4. Significance and Use
distribution in a dummy specimen that has temperature sensors located in
drill holes at a minimum of six positions: along both the centerline and
4.1 Unconfined compressive strength of rock is used in
specimen periphery at midheight and each end of the specimen. The
many design formulas and is sometimes used as an index
temperature controller set point shall be adjusted to obtain steady-state
property to select the appropriate excavation technique.
temperatures in the dummy specimen that meet the temperature require-
4.2 The strength of rock cores measured in the laboratory
ments at each test temperature (the centerline temperature at midheight
usually do not accurately reflect large-scale in situ properties
shall be within 61°C of the required test temperature, and all other
specimen temperatures shall not deviate from this temperatures by more
than 3°C). The relationship between controller set point and dummy
specimen temperature can be used to determine the specimen temperature
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics. during testing provided that the output of the temperature feedback sensor
Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Originally
(or other fixed-location temperature sensor in the triaxial apparatus) is
e1
published as D 2938 – 71. Last previous edition D 2938 – 86 .
maintained constant within 61°C of the required test temperature. The
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
relationship between temperature controller set point and steady-state
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
specimen temperature shall be verified periodically. The dummy specimen
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2938
is used solely to determine the temperature distribution in a specimen in
accordance with 11.1.3. If the moisture content of the specimen
the elevated temperature enclosure—it is not to be used to determine
is to be determined, follow the procedures in Test Method
compressive strength.
D 2216.
5.3 Temperature Measuring Device—Special limits-of-error
8.3 If moisture condition is to be maintained, and the
thermocouples or platinum resistance thermometers (RTDs) elevated temperature enclosure is not equipped with humidity
having accuracies of at least 61°C with a resolution of 0.1°C.
control, seal the specimen using a flexible membrane or apply
5.4 Platens—Two steel platens are used to transmit the axial a plastic or silicone rubber coating to the specimen sides.
load to the ends of the specimen. They shall have a hardness of
9. Procedure
not less than 58 HRC. The bearing faces shall not depart from
a plane by more than 0.0125 mm when the platens are new and
9.1 Check the ability of the spherical seat to rotate freely in
shall be maintained within a permissible variation of 0.025
its socket before each test.
mm. The platen diameter shall be at least as great as the
9.2 Place the lower platen on the base or actuator rod of the
specimen diameter, but shall not exceed 1.10 times the speci-
loading device. Wipe clean the bearing faces of the upper and
emen diameter. The platen thickness shall be at least one-half
lower platens and of the test specimen, and place the test
the specimen diameter.
specimen on the lower platen. Place the upper platen on the
5.4.1 Spherical Seating—One of the platens should be
specimen and align properly. A sm
...

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5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural quarried stone or large boulders and cobbles. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 Deterioration of stone in this test is one indicator that similar samples exposed to wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles may break down in a water-soaked environment condition in service.  
5.3 This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method provides a quantitative value indicating potential resistance to weathering; however, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.
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1.1 This test method covers the testing for and quantitative determination of the presence of swelling clays of the smectite group in rock for erosion control. The test particles are intended to be representative of erosion control rock and its durability. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.  
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1.3.1 The test is time intensive and requires over two weeks to complete the sample preparation, testing and analysis portions of the procedure.  
1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and materials other than natural rock is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 The sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate soundness test is one method by which to estimate qualitatively the durability of rock under weathering conditions. This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value, but rather an indication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.  
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Note 1: The quality of results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors and Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of them.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers test procedures for evaluating the soundness of rock for erosion control by the effects of a sodium or magnesium sulfate solution on slabs of rock. It is an accelerated weathering test. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative of erosion control sized materials and their inherent weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.  
1.1.1 The limitations of this test are twofold. First the test is a simulation of freezing and thawing conditions using accelerated life cycling techniques. The test evaluates the internal expansive force derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, an event that may not occur in some natural environments, to simulate the expansion of water rather than the actual freezing of water. Secondly, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.  
1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials for erosion control is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.3.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practi...

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ASTM
ASTM D6910/D6910M-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of Construction Slurries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity is a fundamental characteristic for slurries in construction applications. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity test can be used for field quality control of slurries. Relative changes in slurry viscosity can be identified using Marsh Funnel measurements and modifications can be made to mixing and handling procedures.
Note 1: The development of the Marsh Funnel is credited to Hallan N. Marsh of Los Angeles who published the design and use of his funnel viscometer in 1931.  
5.2 This test method allows for the assessment of the apparent viscosity of construction slurries in the laboratory and in the field. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is not a true viscosity, it is an index value and can only be used to assess the relative viscosity of the slurry to water. Higher MFV values are obtained for slurries with higher viscosity and lower MFV values are obtained for slurries with lower viscosity.  
5.3 In this test, it is assumed that the apparent viscosity of a slurry is directly related to the flow duration through a specially shaped funnel (the Marsh Funnel).  
5.4 In slurry construction applications, the viscosity of a slurry must be maintained within a predetermined range to stabilize the surrounding soil being supported.  
5.5 The Marsh Funnel Viscosity has been widely used in drilling soil and rock for water wells and oil, gas, soil stabilization, foundation drilling, and hydraulic barrier applications.  
5.6 Inert suspended solids (such as fine sands, clays, and cement) and additives affect the viscosity of slurries. This test may be used to determine the relative effects of these and other such materials on the viscosity of a slurry.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling/inspection/etc. Us...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides an indirect measurement of the viscosity of construction slurries using a funnel (Marsh Funnel) and a graduated cup with specific volume marks. This test method provides an indicator of the viscosity on a routine basis. This test method has been modified from the API Recommended Practice 13B-1.  
1.2 The result determined using the method is referred to as the Marsh Funnel Viscosity. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is an index property and is not an actual measurement of viscosity.  
1.3 This test can be performed in the laboratory or in the field to assess the Marsh Funnel Viscosity of a slurry for quality control purposes.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7626-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Organic Treat Loading of Organophilic Clay

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard test method is intended as an index test to determine the organic treat loading of organophilic clay. This standard test method can be used for manufacturing quality control and construction quality assurance material evaluation.  
5.2 The percent organic treat loading of organophilic clay is a relative indicator of its adsorptive capacity. Organophilic clay is used for remediation of contaminated sediment, soil, and groundwater.  
5.3 The two test methods denote different devices, a muffle furnace and a thermal gravimetric analyzer. The thermal gravimetric analyzer may be programmed to reach a higher temperature than the muffle furnace, but the organic matter will be burnt off at 750 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers two index test methods that can be used in the evaluation of the amount of organic compound chemically bonded to the base clay portion of a representative sample of organophilic clay.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
Note 1: This standard is presented using SI units. Use of units other than SI is allowed. However, if other units are used, the performance of a units conversion check of the calculations should be included as a part of the calculations.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in equipment, the size of the specimen (mass) required and the significant digits reported.  
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of the reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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