ASTM E1808-96(2015)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Designing and Conducting Visual Experiments
Standard Guide for Designing and Conducting Visual Experiments
ABSTRACT
This guide is intended to help the user decide on the type of viewing conditions, visual scaling methods, and analysis that should be used to obtain reliable visual experimental data. It is also intended to illustrate the techniques that lead to visual observations that can be correlated with objective instrumental measurements of appearance attributes of objects. This guide includes a review of issues regarding the choice and design of viewing environments, an overview of various classes of visual experiments, a review of experimental techniques for threshold, matching, and scaling experiments, a review for data reduction and analysis procedures. The three different threshold and matching techniques namely, the methods of adjustment, limits, and constant stimuli, are explained. Perceptual scaling techniques reviewed include ranking, graphical rating, category scaling, paired comparisons, triadic combinations, partitioning, and magnitude estimation or production. Brief descriptions and examples, along with references to more detailed literature, are given on the appropriate types of data analysis for each experimental technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to help the user decide on the type of viewing conditions, visual scaling methods, and analysis that should be used to obtain reliable visual data.
1.2 This guide is intended to illustrate the techniques that lead to visual observations that can be correlated with objective instrumental measurements of appearance attributes of objects. The establishment of both parts of such correlations is an objective of Committee E12.
1.3 Among ASTM standards making use of visual observations are Practices D1535, D1729, D3134, D4086, and E1478; Test Methods D2616, D3928, and D4449; and Guide E1499.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E1808 − 96 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Guide for
1
Designing and Conducting Visual Experiments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1808; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1499 Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of
Observers
1.1 Thisguideisintendedtohelptheuserdecideonthetype
of viewing conditions, visual scaling methods, and analysis
3. Terminology
that should be used to obtain reliable visual data.
3.1 The terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are
1.2 This guide is intended to illustrate the techniques that
applicable to this guide.
leadtovisualobservationsthatcanbecorrelatedwithobjective
instrumental measurements of appearance attributes of objects.
3.2 Definitions:
The establishment of both parts of such correlations is an
3.2.1 appearance, n—in psychophysical studies, perception
objective of Committee E12.
inwhichthespectralandgeometricaspectsofavisualstimulus
are integrated with its illuminating and viewing environment.
1.3 AmongASTM standards making use of visual observa-
tions are Practices D1535, D1729, D3134, D4086, and E1478;
3.2.2 observer, n—one who judges visually, qualitatively or
Test Methods D2616, D3928, and D4449; and Guide E1499.
quantitatively, the content of one or more appearance attributes
in each member of a set of stimuli.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 sample, n—a small part or portion of a material or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
product intended to be representative of the whole.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.4 scale, v—to assess the content of one or more appear-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ance attributes in the members of a set of stimuli.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Alternatively, scales may be deter-
2
mined by assessing the difference in content of an attribute
2.1 ASTM Standards:
with respect to the differences in that attribute among the
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
members of the set.
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
3.2.5 specimen, n—a piece or portion of a sample used to
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
make a test.
ence With a Gray Scale
3.2.6 stimulus, n—any action or condition that has the
D3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances
potential for evoking a response.
D3928 Test Method for Evaluation of Gloss or Sheen
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Uniformity
D4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism 3.3.1 anchor, n—the stimulus from which a just-perceptible
difference is measured.
D4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-
ences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
3.3.2 anchor pair, n—a pair of stimuli differing by a defined
E284 Terminology of Appearance
amount, to which the difference between two test stimuli is
E1478 Practice for Visual Color Evaluation of Transparent
compared.
Sheet Materials
3.3.3 interval scale, n—a scale having equal intervals be-
tween elements.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
3.3.3.1 Discussion—Logical operations such as greater-
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.11 on Visual
Methods.
than, less-than, equal-to, and addition and subtraction can be
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally
performed with interval-scale data.
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1808 – 96 (2009).
DOI: 10.1520/E1808-96R15.
3.3.4 law of comparative judgments—an equation relating
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the proportion of times any stimulus is judged greater, accord-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ing to some attribute, than any other stimulus in terms of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. just-perceptible differences.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1808 − 96 (2015)
3.3.5 nominal scale, n—scale in which items are scaled the experiments. To achieve this, it is essential to control both
simply by name. the spectral character and the amount of illumination closely in
3.3.5.1 Discussion—Only na
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1808 − 96 (Reapproved 2009) E1808 − 96 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Guide for
1
Designing and Conducting Visual Experiments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1808; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended to help the user decide on the type of viewing conditions, visual scaling methods, and analysis that
should be used to obtain reliable visual data.
1.2 This guide is intended to illustrate the techniques that lead to visual observations that can be correlated with objective
instrumental measurements of appearance attributes of objects. The establishment of both parts of such correlations is an objective
of Committee E12.
1.3 Among ASTM standards making use of visual observations are Practices D1535, D1729, D3134, D4086, and E1478; Test
Methods D2616, D3928, and D4449; and Guide E1499.
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale
D3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances
D3928 Test Method for Evaluation of Gloss or Sheen Uniformity
D4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism
D4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E1478 Practice for Visual Color Evaluation of Transparent Sheet Materials
E1499 Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers
3. Terminology
3.1 The terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are applicable to this guide.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 appearance, n—in psychophysical studies, perception in which the spectral and geometric aspects of a visual stimulus are
integrated with its illuminating and viewing environment.
3.2.2 observer, n—one who judges visually, qualitatively or quantitatively, the content of one or more appearance attributes in
each member of a set of stimuli.
3.2.3 sample, n—a small part or portion of a material or product intended to be representative of the whole.
3.2.4 scale, v—to assess the content of one or more appearance attributes in the members of a set of stimuli.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.11 on Visual Methods.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2009November 2015. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20032009
as E1808 – 96 (2003).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/E1808-96R09.10.1520/E1808-96R15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1808 − 96 (2015)
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Alternatively, scales may be determined by assessing the difference in content of an attribute with respect to the differences in that
attribute among the members of the set.
3.2.5 specimen, n—a piece or portion of a sample used to make a test.
3.2.6 stimulus, n—any action or condition that has the potential for evoking a response.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 anchor, n—the stimulus from which a just-perceptible difference is measured.
3.3.2 anchor pair, n—a pair of stimuli differing by a defined amount, to which the difference between two test stimuli is
compared.
3
...
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