ASTM E778-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Nitrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel
Standard Test Methods for Nitrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The standard sample is available to producers and users of RDF as a method for determining the weight percent of nitrogen in the analysis sample.
Nitrogen is part of the ultimate analysis and can be used for calculation of combustion parameters.
A = electric heater
B = Kjeldahl digestion flask
C = Kjeldahl connecting bulb
D = condenser
E = connecting tube
F = receiving flaskFIG. 1 Kjeldahl Distillation Apparatus
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in prepared analysis samples of solid forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The procedures measure free ammonia or ammonia formed from the conversion of organic nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and proteins. However, the procedures may not convert the nitrogenous compounds of some wastes to ammonia. Examples of such compounds that may not be measured are nitro compounds, hydrozones, oxines, nitrates, semicarbazones, pyridines, and some refractory tertiary amines.
1.2 Two alternatives are described for the final determination of the ammonia, the Kjeldahl-Gunning Test Method and the Acid-Titration Test Method.
1.3 The analytical data from these test methods are to be reported as part of the ultimate analysis where ultimate analysis is requested.
1.4 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see 8.4.1 and Section 9.
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Designation: E778 − 08
StandardTest Methods for
1
Nitrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of total
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
Kjeldahl nitrogen in prepared analysis samples of solid forms
3
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The procedures measure free
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage
ammonia or ammonia formed from the conversion of organic
of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis
nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and proteins.
E790 Test Method for Residual Moisture in a Refuse-
However, the procedures may not convert the nitrogenous
Derived Fuel Analysis Sample
compounds of some wastes to ammonia. Examples of such
E791 Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel
compounds that may not be measured are nitro compounds,
Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases
hydrozones, oxines, nitrates, semicarbazones, pyridines, and
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
some refractory tertiary amines.
3
Laboratory Samples for Analysis (Withdrawn 2002)
1.2 Two alternatives are described for the final determina-
tion of the ammonia, the Kjeldahl-Gunning Test Method and
3. Terminology
the Acid-Titration Test Method.
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to
1.3 The analytical data from these test methods are to be
Terminology D5681.
reportedaspartoftheultimateanalysiswhereultimateanalysis
is requested.
4. Summary of Test Methods
1.4 These test methods may be applicable to any waste
4.1 The determination of nitrogen is made by either the
material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be
Kjeldahl-Gunning Test Method (Section 11) or the Acid-
prepared.
Titration Test Method (Section 12). In both these methods the
nitrogen in the sample is converted into ammonium salts by
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
destructive digestion of the sample with a hot, catalyzed
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium sulfate.
standard.
The salts are subsequently decomposed in a hot alkaline
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
solution from which the ammonia is recovered by distillation,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and finally determined by alkalimetric or acidimetric titration.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
5.1 The standard sample is available to producers and users
precautionary statements see 8.4.1 and Section 9.
of RDF as a method for determining the weight percent of
2. Referenced Documents
nitrogen in the analysis sample.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.2 Nitrogen is part of the ultimate analysis and can be used
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
for calculation of combustion parameters.
1 6. Interferences and Limitations
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on
Waste Management and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on
6.1 Because of the nature of RDF, nitrogenous compounds
Treatment, Recovery and Reuse.
maybepresentwhichwillnotreadilybeconvertedtoammonia
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
approvedin1981.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2004asE778 – 87(2004).DOI:
by this test method (see 1.1). Modifications to the digestion of
10.1520/E0778-08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E778 − 08
7.7 Connecting Tube—Glass tubing approximately 10 mm
in outside diameter by 200 mm in length.
7.8 Pure Gum Rubber Tubing.
8. Reagents
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E778–87(Reapproved2004) Designation: E 778 – 08
Standard Test Methods for
1
Nitrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in (prepared analysis)prepared analysis samples of
(solid forms)solid forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The procedures measure free ammonia or ammonia formed from the
conversion of organic nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and proteins. However, the procedures may not convert the
nitrogenouscompoundsofsomewastestoammonia.Examplesofsuchcompoundsthatmaynotbemeasuredarenitrocompounds,
hydrozones, oxines, nitrates, semicarbazones, pyridines, and some refractory tertiary amines.
1.2 Two alternatives are described for the final determination of the ammonia, the Kjeldahl-Gunning Test Method and the
Acid-Titration Test Method.
1.3 The analytical data from these test methods are to be reported as part of the ultimate analysis where ultimate analysis is
requested.
1.4 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.
1.5
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see 8.4.1 and Section 9.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
E 180 Practice for Determining the Precision ofASTM Methods forAnalysis andTesting of Industrial and Specialty Chemicals
E 200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
E 790 Test Method for Residual Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis Sample
E 791 Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases
E 829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Laboratory Samples for Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1refuse-derived fuel—solid forms of refuse-derived fuels from which appropriate analytical samples may be prepared are
defined as follows in ASTM STP 832:
RDF-1—Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form with only bulky wastes removed.
RDF-2—Wastes processed to coarse particle size with or without ferrous metal separation.
RDF-3—Combustible waste fraction processed to particle sizes, 95% passing 2-in. square screening.
RDF-4—Combustible waste fraction processed into powder form, 95% passing 10-mesh screening.
RDF-5—Combustible waste fraction densified (compressed) into the form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 5681.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 The determination of nitrogen is made by either the Kjeldahl-Gunning Test Method (Section 11) or theAcid-Titration Test
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD34onWasteManagementandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD34.03.02onMunicipal
Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved Aug. 28, 1987. Published October 1987. Originally published as E778–81. Last previous edition E778–81.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 778 – 87(2004).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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E778–08
Method (Section 12). In both these methods the nitrogen in the sample is converted into ammonium salts by destructive digestion
of the sample with a hot, ca
...
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