ASTM D7110-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance of Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Engine Oil Rheology—The low-temperature, low-shear viscometric behavior of an engine oil, whether new, used, or sooted, determines whether the oil will flow to the sump inlet screen, then to the oil pump, then to the sites in the engine requiring lubrication in sufficient quantity to prevent engine damage immediately or ultimately after cold temperature starting. Two forms of flow problems have been identified,3 flow-limited and air-binding behavior. The first form of flow restriction, flow-limited behavior, is associated with the oil's viscosity; the second, air-binding behavior, is associated with gelation.
5.2 Significance of the Test Method—The temperature-scanning technique employed by this test method was designed to determine the susceptibility of the engine oil to flow-limited and air-binding response to slow cooling conditions by providing continuous information on the rheological condition of the oil over the temperature range of use.3,4,5 In this way, both viscometric and gelation response are obtained in one test.
Note 1: This test method is one of three related to pumpability related problems. Measurement of low-temperature viscosity by the two other pumpability test methods, D3829 and D4684, hold the sample in a quiescent state and generate the apparent viscosity of the sample at shear rates ranging up to 15 s-1 and shear stresses up to 525 Pa at a previously selected temperature. Such difference in test parameters (shear rate, shear stress, sample motion, temperature scanning, and so forth) can lead to differences in the measured apparent viscosity among these methods with some test oils, particularly when other rheological factors associated with gelation are present. In addition, the three methods differ considerably in cooling rates.
5.3 Gelation Index and Gelation Index Temperature—This test method has been further developed to yield parameters called the Gelation Index and Gelation Ind...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparent viscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at low temperatures.
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s-1 is produced at shear stresses below 200 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3 °C per hour over the range of −5 °C to −40 °C.
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation Index) and the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7110 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used
1
and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparent 3.1 Definitions:
viscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at low
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—theviscosityobtainedbyuseof
temperatures.
this test method.
-1
3.1.1.1 Discussion—See3.1.7fordefinitionofviscosityand
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s is produced at
units.
shear stresses below 200 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured
continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3°C per hour
3.1.2 digital contact thermometer (DCT), n—an electronic
over the range of −5°C to −40°C.
device consisting of a digital display and associated tempera-
ture sensing probe.
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are
viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This device consists of a temperature
Index)andthetemperatureatwhichtheGelationIndexoccurs.
sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine
measures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor,
oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and
providesadigitaloutput,ordisplayofthetemperature,orboth.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
This device is sometimes referred to a digital thermometer.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.1.3 Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given temperature,
exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear stresses.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4 non-Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
temperature,exhibitsaviscositythatvarieswithshearstressor
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
shear rate.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.5 shear rate, n—velocity gradient perpendicular to the
2. Referenced Documents direction of flow.
2
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The SI unit for shear rate is the recip-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
-1
rocal second (1/s; also s ).
D341Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
Petroleum Products
3.1.6 shear stress, n—force per unit area in the direction of
D3829Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping
flow.
Temperature of Engine Oil
3.1.6.1 Discussion—TheSIunitforshearstressisthepascal
D4684Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and
(Pa).
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
3.1.7 viscosity, n—thatpropertyofafluidwhichresistsflow.
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Viscosity is defined as the ratio of the
Petroleum Products
applied shear stress (force causing flow) and the shear rate
1
(resultant velocity of flow per unit distance from a stationary
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
surface wet by the fluid). Mathematically expressed:
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
viscosity 5 shearstress/shearrateor, symbolically, η 5 τ/γ˙ (1)
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7110–14. DOI:
in which the symbols in the second portion of Eq 1 are
10.1520/D7110-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or defined by 3.1.5 and 3.1.6. The SI unit for viscosity used
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
herein is millipascal seconds (mPa·s).
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7110 − 15
3.2.1 air-binding oils, n—those engine oils whose border- 3.2.10 Gelation Index reference oils, n—non-Newtonian
linepumpingtemperaturesaredeterminedbyacombinationof oils chosen to give certain levels of Gelation Index as a check
gelation and viscous flow. on ins
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7110 − 14 D7110 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used
1
and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparent viscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at low temperatures.
-1
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.20.2 s is produced at shear stresses below 200 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured
continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3°C3 °C per hour over the range of −5 °C to −40 °C.
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation Index)
and the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products
D3829 Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping Temperature of Engine Oil
D4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of this test method.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2015December 2015. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20112014
as D7110 – 05a (2011).D7110 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/D7110-14.10.1520/D7110-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
See 3.1.7 for definition of viscosity and units.
3.1.2 digital contact thermometer (DCT), n—an electronic device consisting of a digital display and associated temperature
sensing probe.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
This device consists of a temperature sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument measures the temperature-
dependent quantity of the sensor, computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and provides a digital output, or display
of the temperature, or both. This device is sometimes referred to a digital thermometer.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7110 − 15
3.1.3 Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given temperature, exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear stresses.
3.1.4 non-Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given temperature, exhibits a viscosity that varies with shear stress or shear rate.
3.1.5 shear rate, n—velocity gradient perpendicular to the direction of flow.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
-1
The SI unit for shear rate is the reciprocal second (1/s; also s ).
3.1.6 shear stress, n—force per unit area in the direction of flow.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
The SI unit for shear stress is the pascal (Pa).
3.1.7 viscosity, n—that property of a fluid which resists flow.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—
Viscosity is defined as the ratio of the applied shear stress (force causing flow) and the shear rate (resultant velocity of flow per
unit distance from a stationary surface wet by the fluid). Mathematically expressed:
viscosity 5 shear stress/shear rate or, symbolically, η5 τ/γ˙ (1)
in which the symbols in the second po
...
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