ASTM D3039/D3039M-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 3039/D 3039M – 00
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3039/D 3039M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope trix Composite Materials
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane tensile prop-
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
erties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by
ing
high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited
E 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced compos-
someters
ites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with
E 111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
respect to the test direction.
and Chord Modulus
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E 132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ture
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
ASTM Test Methods
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
E 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
standard.
E 1012 Practice for Verification of Specimen Alignment
2. Referenced Documents
Under Tensile Loading
E 1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Gages
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
3. Terminology
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D 3878 defines terms relating
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
Resins
D 883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E 6
D 2734 Test Method for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology
tics
E 456 and Practice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. In
D 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Compos-
the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D 3878
ites Materials
4 shall have precedence over the other standards.
D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
NOTE—If the term represents a physical quantity, its
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
analytical dimensions are stated immediately following the
term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form, using
This test method is under the jurisidiction of ASTM Committee D-30 on
the following ASTM standard symbology for fundamental
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M] for mass, [L]
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods.
for length, [T] for time, [Q] for thermodynamic temperature,
Current edition approved April 10, 2000. Published July 2000. Originally
published as D 3039 – 71T. Last previous edition D 3039 – 95a.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 3039/D 3039M
and [nd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these symbols 4. Summary of Test Method
is restricted to analytical dimensions when used with square
4.1 A thin flat strip of material having a constant rectangular
brackets, as the symbols may have other definitions when used
cross section is mounted in the grips of a mechanical testing
without the brackets.
machine and monotonically loaded in tension while recording
3.2.1 nominal value, n—a value, existing in name only,
load. The ultimate strength of the material can be determined
assigned to a measurable property for the purpose of conve-
from the maximum load carried before failure. If the coupon
nient designation. Tolerances may be applied to a nominal
strain is monitored with strain or displacement transducers then
value to define an acceptable range for the property.
the stress-strain response of the material can be determined,
3.2.2 transition region, n—a strain region of a stress-strain
from which the ultimate tensile strain, tensile modulus of
or strain-strain curve over which a significant change in the
elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and transition strain can be derived.
slope of the curve occurs within a small strain range.
transition 5. Significance and Use
3.2.3 transition strain, e [nd], n—the strain value at
the mid range of the transition region between the two 5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property
data for material specifications, research and development,
essentially linear portions of a bilinear stress-strain or strain-
strain curve. quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors
that influence the tensile response and should therefore be
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Many filamentary composite materials
reported include the following: material, methods of material
show essentially bilinear behavior during loading, such as seen
preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen
in plots of either longitudinal stress versus longitudinal strain
preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing,
or transverse strain versus long longitudinal strain. There are
specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at
varying physical reasons for the existence of a transition
temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.
region. Common examples include: matrix cracking under
Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from
tensile loading and ply delamination.
this test method include the following:
3.3 Symbols:
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,
3.3.1 A—minimum cross-sectional area of a coupon.
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,
3.3.2 B —percent bending for a uniaxial coupon of rectan-
y
5.1.3 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity,
gular cross section about y axis of the specimen (about the
5.1.4 Poisson’s ratio, and
narrow direction).
5.1.5 Transition strain.
3.3.3 B —percent bending for a uniaxial coupon of rectan-
z
gular cross section about z axis of the specimen (about the wide
6. Interferences
direction).
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material
3.3.4 CV—coefficient of variation statistic of a sample
fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and
population for a given property (in percent).
damage induced by improper coupon machining are known
3.3.5 E—modulus of elasticity in the test direction.
causes of high material data scatter in composites.
tu
3.3.6 F —ultimate tensile strength in the test direction.
6.2 Gripping—A high percentage of grip-induced failures,
su
3.3.7 F —ultimate shear strength in the test direction.
especially when combined with high material data scatter, is an
3.3.8 h—coupon thickness.
indicator of specimen gripping problems. Specimen gripping
3.3.9 L —extensometer gage length.
methods are discussed further in 7.2.4, 8.2, and 11.5.
g
3.3.10 L —minimum required bonded tab length. 6.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending will cause pre-
min
3.3.11 n—number of coupons per sample population. mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of
elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
3.3.12 P—load carried by test coupon.
f
nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur
3.3.13 P —load carried by test coupon at failure.
max
as a result of misaligned grips or from specimens themselves if
3.3.14 P —maximum load carried by test coupon before
improperly installed in the grips or out-of-tolerance caused by
failure.
poor specimen preparation. If there is any doubt as to the
3.3.15 s —standard deviation statistic of a sample popu-
n−1
alignment inherent in a given test machine, then the alignment
lation for a given property.
should be checked as discussed in 7.2.5.
3.3.16 w—coupon width.
6.4 Edge Effects in Angle Ply Laminates—Premature failure
3.3.17 x —test result for an individual coupon from the
i
and lower stiffnesses are observed as a result of edge softening
sample population for a given property.
in laminates containing off-axis plies. Because of this, the
3.3.18 x¯—mean or average (estimate of mean) of a sample
strength and modulus for angle ply laminates can be drastically
population for a given property.
underestimated. For quasi-isotropic laminates containing sig-
3.3.19 d—extensional displacement.
nificant 0° plies, the effect is not as significant.
3.3.20 e—general symbol for strain, whether normal strain
7. Apparatus
or shear strain.
3.3.21 e—indicated normal strain from strain transducer or
7.1 Micrometers—A micrometer with a 4- to 5-mm [0.16-
extensometer.
to 0.20-in] nominal diameter double-ball interface shall be
3.3.22 s—normal stress.
used to measure the thickness of the specimen. A micrometer
3.3.23 n—Poisson’s ratio. with a flat anvil interface shall be used to measure the width of
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 3039/D 3039M
the specimen. The accuracy of the instruments shall be suitable gages of similar type, two on the front face across the width
for reading to within 1 % of the sample width and thickness. and one on the back face of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 1.
For typical specimen geometries, an instrument with an accu- Any difference in indicated strain between these gages during
racy of 62.5 μm [60.0001 in.] is adequate for thickness loading provides a measure of the amount of bending in the
measurement, while an instrument with an accuracy of 625 thickness plane (B ) and width plane (B ) of the coupon. The
y z
μm [60.001 in.] is adequate for width measurement. strain gage location should normally be located in the middle
7.2 Testing Machine—The testing machine shall be in of the coupon gage section (if modulus determination is a
conformance with Practices E 4 and shall satisfy the following concern), near a grip (if premature grip failures are a problem),
requirements: or any combination of these areas.
7.2.1 Testing Machine Heads—The testing machine shall 7.2.5.2 When evaluating system alignment, it is advisable to
have both an essentially stationary head and a movable head. perform the alignment check with the same coupon inserted in
7.2.2 Drive Mechanism—The testing machine drive mecha- each of the four possible installation permutations (described
nism shall be capable of imparting to the movable head a relative to the initial position): initial (top-front facing ob-
controlled velocity with respect to the stationary head. The server), rotated back to front only (top back facing observer),
velocity of the movable head shall be capable of being rotated end for end only (bottom front facing observer), and
regulated as specified in 11.3. rotated both front to back and end to end (bottom back facing
7.2.3 Load Indicator—The testing machine load-sensing observer). These four data sets provide an indication of
device shall be capable of indicating the total load being whether the bending is due to the system itself or to tolerance
carried by the test specimen. This device shall be essentially in the alignment check coupon or gaging.
free from inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and shall 7.2.5.3 The zero strain point may be taken either before
indicate the load with an accuracy over the load range(s) of gripping or after gripping. The strain response of the alignment
interest of within 61 % of the indicated value. The load coupon is subsequently monitored during the gripping process,
range(s) of interest may be fairly low for modulus evaluation, the tensile loading process, or both. Eq 1-3 use these indicated
much higher for strength evaluation, or both, as required. strains to calculate the ratio of the percentage of bending strain
to average extensional strain for each bending plane of the
NOTE 1—Obtaining precision load data over a large range of interest in
alignment coupon and the total percent bending, B . Plotting
total
the same test, such as when both elastic modulus and ultimate load are
percent bending versus axial average strain is useful in
being determined, place extreme requirements on the load cell and its
understanding trends in the bending behavior of the system.
calibration. For some equipment, a special calibration may be required.
For some combinations of material and load cell, simultaneous precision
7.2.5.4 Problems with failures during gripping would be
measurement of both elastic modulus and ultimate strength may not be
reason to examine bending strains during the gripping process
possible and measurement of modulus and strength may have to be
in the location near the grip. Concern over modulus data scatter
performed in separate tests using a different load cell range for each test.
would be reason to evaluate bending strains over the modulus
7.2.4 Grips—Each head of the testing machine shall carry
evaluation load range for the typical transducer location.
one grip for holding the test specimen so that the direction of
Excessive failures near the grips would be reason to evaluate
load applied to the specimen is coincident with the longitudinal
bending strains near the grip at h
...
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