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ASTM A437/A437M-01

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers alloy-steel bolting material specially heat treated for high-temperature service, such as steam turbine, gas turbine, and similar uses. This material requires special processing and should not be used in general-purpose applications. The term "bolting material," as used in this specification, covers rolled or forged bars, bolts, nuts, screws, washers, studs, and stud bolts. The bars shall be hot wrought. The material may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing.
1.2 The high-temperature properties of the material covered by this specification are dependent upon special heat treatment, which is required. Although the high-temperature properties are not specified, they are implied by control of the chemistry, heat treatment, and room-temperature properties of the material.
Note 1—High-temperature tests shall not be required, unless made a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
1.3 Three levels of bolting strength are covered, designated Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D. Selection will depend on the design and the stresses and service for which the product is to be used.
Note 2—When ordering material under this specification, or when incorporating this specification as a reference in any individual specification, the purchaser must designate the steel by identification symbol or analysis, or both, and definitely specify the minimum mechanical properties required as selected from Table 1.
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2001
ICS
21.060.01 - Fasteners in general
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.22 - Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A437/A437M-00a - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Replaced By
ASTM A437/A437M-01a - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM A962/A962M-23a - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Bolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep Range
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001

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ASTM A437/A437M-01 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A437/A437M-01 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
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ASTM A437/A437M-01 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: A 437/A 437M – 01
Standard Specification for
Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat
1
Treated for High-Temperature Service
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 437/A 437M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
2
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
1.1 This specification covers alloy-steel bolting material
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
specially heat treated for high-temperature service, such as
cation.
steam turbine, gas turbine, and similar uses. This material
requires special processing and should not be used in general-
2. Referenced Documents
purpose applications. The term “bolting material,” as used in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
this specification, covers rolled or forged bars, bolts, nuts,
A 962/A 962M Specification for Common Requirements
screws, washers, studs, and stud bolts. The bars shall be hot
for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended
wrought. The material may be further processed by centerless
for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep
grinding or by cold drawing.
3
Range
1.2 The high-temperature properties of the material covered
E 381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
by this specification are dependent upon special heat treatment,
4
Blooms, and Forgings
which is required. Although the high-temperature properties
are not specified, they are implied by control of the chemistry,
3. Common Requirements
heat treatment, and room-temperature properties of the mate-
3.1 Material and Fasteners supplied to this specification
rial.
shall conform to Specification A 962/A 962M. These require-
NOTE 1—High-temperature tests shall not be required, unless made a
ments include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking
matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others.
1.3 Three levels of bolting strength are covered, designated
If the requirements of this specification are in conflict with
Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D. Selection will depend on the those of A 962/A 962M, then the requirements of this specifi-
design and the stresses and service for which the product is to
cation shall prevail.
be used.
4. Ordering Information
NOTE 2—When ordering material under this specification, or when
4.1 The inquiry and order should indicate the following:
incorporating this specification as a reference in any individual specifica-
4.1.1 Specification designation, grade and class, issue date
tion, the purchaser must designate the steel by identification symbol or
analysis, or both, and definitely specify the minimum mechanical prop- and revision letter,
erties required as selected from Table 1.
4.1.2 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),
4.1.3 Description (bars, bolts, nuts, etc.),
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
4.1.4 Dimensions,
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the
4.1.5 Finish, and
applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate-
4.1.6 Impact testing of nuts, if required (see Section 9).
rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
5. Discard
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
5.1 A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
ensure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
5.2 Quality—To ensure soundness, bars and wire shall be
tested in accordance with Method E 381 or other suitable
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
method as agreed upon between the purchaser and the pro-
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting
ducer. When bar or wire is supplied, the bar or wire producer
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
Current edition approved Mar. 10, 2001. Published May 2001. Originally
published as A 437 – 59 T. Last previous edition A 437/A 437M – 00a.
2 3
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
4
cation SA-437 in Section II of that code. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. Unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units) the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; there...

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ASTM A193/A193M-23(Specification)
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.2 The results shall be used for comparative purposes only and they shall not be correlated to exposure time in natural environments.  
5.3 The reproducibility of results in these types of tests is highly dependent on the type of samples tested and the evaluation criteria selected, as well as the control of the operating variables.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and focuses on the corrosion resistance of metal, metal-coated, and nonmetallic-coated smooth and deformed shank driven fasteners in contact with treated wood in exterior or high moisture exposure applications using comparative tests with control fastener specimens of standardized benchmarks. This test method may be used for preservative-treated wood.  
1.2 This test method describes the apparatus, procedure, and conditions required to maintain test environments for the Cyclic Fog Test and the Steady State Moisture Test.  
1.3 This test method describes the types of test samples, lists exposure periods, and gives guidance on interpretation of results.  
1.4 Until experience is gained comparing laboratory-to-laboratory results with this test method, comparisons of fasteners, coatings, materials, or preservatives shall be made only within the results of the same test.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2437/F2437M-17(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors, and Studs

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators (DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs. These DTIs are intended for installation under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened washer or other flat hardened surface. The following are two types of DTIs: Type 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large bearing surfaces and Type 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller bearing surfaces. DTIs shall have a configuration produced by extrusion, punching, pressing, or similar forming to permit a measurable decrease in thickness when placed in compression. The design shall be such that the degree of plastic deformation of the protrusions shall indicate the tension in a tightened cap screw, bolt, anchor, or stud. The process used for heat treatment of DTIs, if required, shall be through-hardening by heating to a temperature above the upper transformation temperature, quenching in oil, and then tempering by reheating to a suitable temperature to attain desired mechanical/performance properties. Protective coatings, platings, or finishes may be applied on the DTIs if specified. Compression load and hardness of the DTIs shall be determined by performing mechanical tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators (DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs.  
1.2 Direct tension indicators in inch sizes 1/4 through 21/2 in. and metric sizes M6 and M72 are covered.  
1.3 Direct tension indicators have two styles and four grades for inch fasteners, Grades 5, 8, 55, and 105, and two property classes for metric fasteners, property classes 8.8 and 10.9 each of which differ in their compressive load requirements at a given gap (see Table 1 and Table 2).  
1.3.1 Style 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller bearing surfaces. Style 1 DTIs are available in Grades 5 and 8, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a prescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).  
1.3.2 Style 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large bearing surfaces. Style 2 DTIs are available in Grades 55 and 105, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a prescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).    
1.4 Direct tension indicators are intended for installation under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened washer or other flat hardened surface.  
1.5 Recommended Fasteners—Fasteners meeting the requirements of the standards referenced in Table 3 are considered compatible with the DTI grade or class listed.  
1.6 The values stated for Inch DTIs are expressed in inch-pound units and for Metric DTIs values are expressed in SI units. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portions, Section 12of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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