ASTM D4884-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Thermally Bonded Seams of Geotextiles
Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Thermally Bonded Seams of Geotextiles
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
As explained in Test Method D 4595, narrow geotextile specimens demonstrate the tendency to contract (neck down) in the gage area when under stress. The wider width specimen will minimize this phenomenon in seams during strength testing. The results achieved in this test method can more accurately correlate to the seam strength values anticipated in the field.
This test method can be used to measure the seam strength of geotextiles, and may also be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration of seam interaction, an alternate method for determining the seam strength, such as Test Method D 1683, may be used depending on the specification requirements. Because current information about laboratory precision is incomplete, comparative tests, as described in 5.2.1, may be advisable.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of geotextile, that utilize a like method of seam assembly to achieve seam interaction. The specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal number to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
Although other methods of determining seam strength are available, this test method, that measures wide specimens, will more accurately correlate to the anticipated performance in the field.
This test method can be used to help determine seam design engineering for the geotextiles being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the seam strength of geotextiles. The primary distinction of this test method for evaluating seam strength is the width of the specimen. This is in contrast to the more narrow specimen width used in the tensile grab strength test discussed in Test Method D 1683.
1.2 This test method will provide data to indicate the seam strength that can be achieved for each particular geotextile and seam assembly construction.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4884–09
Standard Test Method for
Strength of Sewn or Thermally Bonded Seams of
1
Geotextiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
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1. Scope Fed. Std. No. 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheseamstrengthofgeotextiles.
3. Terminology
The primary distinction of this test method for evaluating seam
3.1 Definitions:
strength is the width of the specimen. This is in contrast to the
3.1.1 cross-machine direction—the direction in the plane of
more narrow specimen width used in the tensile grab strength
the geotextile perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
test discussed in Test Method D1683.
3.1.2 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
1.2 This test method will provide data to indicate the seam
solely of textiles.
strength that can be achieved for each particular geotextile and
3.1.3 linear density, n—mass per unit length; the quotient
seam assembly construction.
obtained by dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.4 machine direction—the direction in the plane of the
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are
geotextile parallel to the direction of manufacture.
provided for information only.
3.1.5 seam allowance, n—the width of geotextile used in
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
making a seam assembly, for sewn seams bounded by the edge
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the geotextile and the furthest stitch line, and for thermally
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
bonded seams bounded by the edge of the geotextile and the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
furthest seam edge.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In geotextiles, the distance from the
2. Referenced Documents selvageorturnededgeofthegeotextiletotheedgeoftheseam.
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3.1.6 seam assembly, n—the unit obtained by joining geo-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
textile with a seam, including details such as geotextile
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
direction(s), seam allowance, seam width, seam type, speed,
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
and if sewn—sewing threads used and number of stitches per
D1683 Test Method for Failure in Sewn Seams of Woven
unit length, needle type and size, and so forth.
Apparel Fabrics
3.1.7 seam effıciency, n—theratioexpressedasapercentage
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
of seam strength to geotextile strength.
D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
3.1.8 seam design engineering, n—the procedures used to
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
select a specific thread, a specific stitch type, and a specific
D4595 Test Method forTensile Properties of Geotextiles by
seam type to achieve the required seam strength of a sewn
the Wide-Width Strip Method
seam and the procedures used to select a specific seam width,
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
specific seam bonding temperature, and a specific seam speed
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
and pressure to achieve the required seam strength of a
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
thermally bonded seam.
2.2 Federal Standard:
3.1.9 seam interaction, n—the result of combining specific
textile, a specific stitch type, and a specific seam type for a
sewn seam and the result of combining specific textile, a
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
specific seam width, a specific seam speed, and applied
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-
pressure for a thermally bonded seam.
cal Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originallyapproved
3.1.10 seam type, n—in sewn geotextiles, an alphanumeric
in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4884 – 96(2003). DOI:
designationrelatingtotheessentialcharacteristicsofgeotextile
10.1520/D4884-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
the ASTM website. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4884–96 (Reapproved 2003) Designation:D4884–09
Standard Test Method for
Strength of Sewn or Thermally Bonded Seams of
1
Geotextiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the seam strength of geotextiles. The primary distinction of this test method for evaluating seam
strength is the width of the specimen. This is in contrast to the more narrow specimen width used in the tensile grab strength test
discussed in Test Method D 1683.
1.2 This test method will provide data to indicate the seam strength that can be achieved for each particular geotextile and seam
assembly construction.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1683 Test Method for Failure in Sewn Seams of Woven Apparel Fabrics
2
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
2
D 1777 Method for Measuring Thickness of Textile Materials
D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
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D 4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide Width Strip Method
3
D4632Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles
by the Wide-Width Strip Method
E 178 Practice for Dealing withWith Outlying Observations
4
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Methods Method
2.2 Federal Standard:
3
Fed. Std. No. 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 cross-machine direction—the direction in the plane of the geotextile perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
3.1.2 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.
3.1.3 linear density, n—mass per unit length; the quotient obtained by dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.
3.1.4 machine direction—the direction in the plane of the geotextile parallel to the direction of manufacture.
3.1.5 seam allowance, n—the width of geotextile used in making a seam assembly, for sewn seams bounded by the edge of the
geotextile and the furthest stitch line, and for thermally bonded seams bounded by the edge of the geotextile and the furthest seam
edge.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1996. Published June 1996. Originally published as D4884–89. Last previous edition D4884–90.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4884 – 96(2003).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 07.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4884–09
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In geotextiles, the distance from the selvage or turned edge of the geotextile to the edge of the seam.
3.1.6 seam assembly, n—the unit obtained by joining geotextile with a seam, including details such as geotextile direction(s),
seam allowance, seam width, seam type, speed, and if sewn—sewing threads used and number of stitches per unit length, needle
type and s
...
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