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ASTM D4948-89(2000)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives, polishes, and other similar materials. Note-The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods  for the placement of flammable viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See 4.1).
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2000
ICS
07.030 - Physics. Chemistry
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.21 - Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4948-89(2006) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006

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ASTM D4948-89(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous LiquidASTM D4948-89(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
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ASTM D4948-89(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation:D4948–89(Reapproved2000)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous
Liquid
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Keywords and the unit of measurement statement were added editorially in June 2000.
1. Scope tions place materials having a flash point below 23°C (73.5°F)
in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet
of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from
certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along
viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids
with materials having a flash point between 23 and 60.5°C
such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives, pol-
(73.5 and 140°F). One of the requirements is that less than 3 %
ishes, and other similar materials.
of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material when
NOTE 1—The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is
subjected to this test method.
one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the
4.2 At the present time most international regulatory bodies
Transportation of Dangerous Goods for the placement of flammable
such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See 4.1).
and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) use the
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
U.N. Recommendations. It is anticipated that most national
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
transportation regulatory bodies will adopt the U.N. Recom-
only.
mendations as their regulations for control of transportation of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
hazardous materials. At present the United States permits the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
transshipmentofhazardousmaterialsthroughtheUnitedStates
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to other countries under regulations of the IMO and ICAO.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Graduated Cylinder, 100-mL, TC, glass-stoppered,
2. Referenced Documents
295-mm total height and 29-mm inside diameter.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.2 Constant Temperature Cabinet or Room,at23 6 2°C
D 3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
(73.5 6 3.5°F).
Pigmented Coatings
6. Sampling
3. Summary of Test Method
6.1 Obtain a uniform quart sample of the material using
3.1 Ameasuredamountofthematerialtobetestedisplaced
standard methods for sampling in accordance with Practice
in a graduated cylinder and allowed to stand undisturbed for 24
D 3925.
h. The volume percent of th
...

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Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods in their recommended regulations place materials having a flash point below 23 °C (73.5 °F) in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along with materials having a flash point between 23 °C and 60.5 °C (73.5 °F and 140 °F). One of the requirements is that less than 3 % of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material when subjected to this test method.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives, polishes, and other similar materials.  
Note 1: The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods2 for the placement of flammable viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See 4.1).  
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5.1 The crystallinity of UHMWPE will influence its mechanical properties, such as creep and stiffness. The reported crystallinity will depend on the integration range used to determine the heat of fusion, and the theoretical heat of fusion of 100 % crystalline polyethylene used to calculate the percent crystallinity in an unknown specimen. Differential scanning calorimetry is an effective means of accurately measuring both heat of fusion and melting temperature.  
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4.1 The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods in their recommended regulations place materials having a flash point below 23 °C (73.5 °F) in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along with materials having a flash point between 23 °C and 60.5 °C (73.5 °F and 140 °F). One of the requirements is that less than 3 % of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material when subjected to this test method.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives, polishes, and other similar materials.  
Note 1: The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods2 for the placement of flammable viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See 4.1).  
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5.1 This test method is useful in detecting potentially hazardous reactions including those from volatile chemicals and in estimating the temperatures at which these reactions occur and their enthalpies (heats). This test method is recommended as an early test for detecting the thermal hazards of an uncharacterized chemical substance or mixture (see Section 8).  
5.2 The magnitude of the change of enthalpy may not necessarily denote the relative hazard in a particular application. For example, certain exothermic reactions are often accompanied by gas evolution that increases the potential hazard. Alternatively, the extent of energy release for certain exothermic reactions may differ widely with the extent of confinement of volatile products. Thus, the presence of an exotherm and its approximate temperature are the most significant criteria in this test method (see Section 3 and Fig. 1).  
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1.1 This test method describes the ascertainment of the presence of enthalpic changes in a test specimen, using minimum quantities of material, approximates the temperature at which these enthalpic changes occur and determines their enthalpies (heats) using differential scanning calorimetry or pressure differential scanning calorimetry.  
1.2 This test method may be performed on solids, liquids, or slurries.  
1.3 This test method may be performed in an inert or a reactive atmosphere with an absolute pressure range from 100 Pa through 7 MPa and over a temperature range from 300 K to 800 K (27 °C to 527 °C).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exceptions—Inch-pound units are provided as a courtesy to the user in 5.3, 7.2.2.1, 7.2.2.2, and 11.4.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific safety precautions are given in Section 8.  
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