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ASTM D6377-20

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCRx (Expansion Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR<inf>x</inf > (Expansion Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vapor pressure of crude oil at various V/Ls is an important physical property for shipping and storage.
Note 2: A vapor-liquid ratio of 0.02:1 (X = 0.02) mimics closely the situation of an oil tanker.  
5.2 Vapor pressure of crude oil is important to crude oil producers and refiners for general handling and initial refinery treatment.  
5.3 The vapor pressure determined by this test method at a vapor-liquid ratio of 4:1 (VPCR4) of crude oil at 37.8 °C can be related to the vapor pressure value determined on the same material when tested by Test Method D323 (see Appendix X1).  
5.4 Air saturation of crude oil shall not be done to avoid potential vapor loss. However air saturation of the chilled verification fluid is mandatory (see 7.2 and Section 11).  
5.5 This test method can also be applied in online applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to determine the vapor pressure exerted in vacuum of crude oils. This test method is suitable for testing samples that exert a vapor pressure between 25 kPa and 180 kPa at 37.8 °C at vapor-liquid ratios from 4:1 and 0.02:1 (X = 4 and 0.02).
Note 1: This test method is suitable for the determination of the vapor pressure of crude oils at temperatures from 0 °C to 100 °C and pressures up to 500 kPa, but the precision and bias statements (see Section 14) may not be applicable. The current precision of the method is limited at vapor-liquid ratios of 0.02 and 4. (Section 14 is inclusive of vapor-liquid ratios of 0.02 and 4).  
1.2 This test method also allows the determination of vapor pressure for crude oil samples having pour points above 15 °C provided the proper sample handling, transfer, and analysis procedures are followed.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2.1 – 7.3.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2020
ICS
75.040 - Crude petroleum
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.08 - Volatility
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D2892-20 - Standard Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum (15-Theoretical Plate Column)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020

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ASTM D6377-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR<inf>x</inf > (Expansion Method)ASTM D6377-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR<inf>x</inf > (Expansion Method)
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ASTM D6377-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR<inf>x</inf > (Expansion Method)
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REDLINE ASTM D6377-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR<inf>x</inf > (Expansion Method)REDLINE ASTM D6377-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR<inf>x</inf > (Expansion Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6377 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil:
1
VPCR (Expansion Method)
x
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6377; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the use of automated vapor
D323 TestMethodforVaporPressureofPetroleumProducts
pressureinstrumentstodeterminethevaporpressureexertedin
(Reid Method)
vacuum of crude oils. This test method is suitable for testing
D2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum
samples that exert a vapor pressure between 25 kPa and
(15-Theoretical Plate Column)
180 kPa at 37.8 °C at vapor-liquid ratios from 4:1 and 0.02:1
D3700 Practice for Obtaining LPG Samples Using a Float-
(X = 4 and 0.02).
ing Piston Cylinder
NOTE 1—This test method is suitable for the determination of the vapor
pressure of crude oils at temperatures from 0 °C to 100 °C and pressures
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
up to 500 kPa, but the precision and bias statements (see Section 14) may
Petroleum Products
not be applicable. The current precision of the method is limited at
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
vapor-liquid ratios of 0.02 and 4. (Section 14 is inclusive of vapor-liquid
Petroleum Products
ratios of 0.02 and 4).
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
1.2 This test method also allows the determination of vapor
ucts and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
pressure for crude oil samples having pour points above 15 °C
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for
provided the proper sample handling, transfer, and analysis
Volatility Measurement
procedures are followed.
D5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as D6708 Practice for StatisticalAssessment and Improvement
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
standard. Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
D7975 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Crude Oil: VPCR -F(Tm°C) (Manual Expansion Field
x
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Method)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D8009 Practice for Manual Piston Cylinder Sampling for
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Volatile Crude Oils, Condensates, and Liquid Petroleum
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Products
For specific warning statements, see 7.2.1 – 7.3.2.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Definitions:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.1 platinum resistance thermometer, n—temperature
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
measuring device constructed with a length of platinum wire,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
whose electrical resistance changes in relation to temperature.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2 vapor-liquid ratio (V/L), n—the ratio of the vapor
volumetotheliquidvolumeofspecimen,inequilibrium,under
specified conditions.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D6377 – 16. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6377-20. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6377 − 20
NOTE 2—A vapor-liquid ratio of 0.02:1 (X = 0.02) mimics closely the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
situation of an oil tanker.
3.2.1 dead crude oil, n—crude oil with sufficiently low
vapor pressure that, when exposed to normal at
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6377 − 16 D6377 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil:
1
VPCR (Expansion Method)
x
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6377; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to determine the vapor pressure exerted in vacuum
of crude oils. This test method is suitable for testing samples that exert a vapor pressure between 25 kPa and 180 kPa at 37.8 °C
at vapor-liquid ratios from 4:1 toand 0.02:1 (X = 4 toand 0.02).
NOTE 1—This test method is suitable for the determination of the vapor pressure of crude oils at temperatures from 0 °C to 100 °C and pressures up
to 500 kPa, but the precision and bias statements (see Section 14) may not be applicable. The current precision of the method is limited at vapor-liquid
ratios of 0.02 and 4. (Section 14 is inclusive of vapor-liquid ratios of 0.02 and 4).
1.2 This test method also allows the determination of vapor pressure for crude oil samples having pour points above 15 °C
provided the proper sample handling, transfer, and analysis procedures are followed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2.1 – 7.3.2.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum (15-Theoretical Plate Column)
D3700 Practice for Obtaining LPG Samples Using a Floating Piston Cylinder
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement
D5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
D6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport
to Measure the Same Property of a Material
D7975 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR -F(Tm°C) (Manual Expansion Field Method)
x
D8009 Practice for Manual Piston Cylinder Sampling for Volatile Crude Oils, Condensates, and Liquid Petroleum Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 platinum resistance thermometer, n—temperature measuring device constructed with a length of platinum wire, whose
electrical resistance changes in relation to temperature.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.08 on Volatility.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016June 1, 2020. Published April 2016June 2020. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 as
D6377 – 15.D6377 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D6377-16.10.1520/D6377-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6377 − 20
3.1.2 vapor-liquid ratio (V/L), n—the ratio of the vapor volume to the liquid volume of specimen, in equilibrium, under specified
conditions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
...

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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1 and A1.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8150-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Organic Chloride Content in Crude Oil by Distillation Followed by Detection Using Combustion Ion Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Organic chlorides do not occur naturally in crude oil. When present, they result from contamination in some manner, such as disposal of chlorinated solvent used in many dewaxing pipeline or other equipment operations.  
5.1.1 Uncontaminated crude oil will contain no detectable organic chloride, and most refineries can handle very small amounts without deleterious effects.
5.1.1.1 Most trade contracts specify that no organic chloride is present in the crude oil.  
5.1.2 Several pipelines have set specification limits less than 1 μg/g organic chlorides in the whole crude, and less than 5 μg/g in the light naphtha, based on the yield of naphtha being 20 % of the original sample.
5.1.2.1 To ensure less than 1 μg/g organic chloride in the crude oil, the amount measured in the naphtha fraction shall be less than 1/f (where f is the naphtha fraction calculated with Eq 1). For example, a crude oil sample with 1 μg/g of organic chloride but a 10 % yield of naphtha would create a naphtha containing 10 μg/g organic chloride. Further, a crude containing 1 μg/g of organic chloride but a 40 % yield of naphtha would create a naphtha containing 2.5 μg/g organic chloride. Due to the difference in naphtha yields, the impact on refining operations can be significantly different.
5.1.2.2 Since crude oil deposits worldwide exhibit different yields of naphtha, the working range of detection for this method shall cover a broad range, possibly as high as 50 μg/g in a naphtha fraction.  
5.1.3 Organic chloride present in the crude oil (for example, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, etc.) is usually distilled into the naphtha fraction. Some compounds break down during fractionation and produce hydrochloric acid, which has a corrosive effect. Some compounds survive fractionation and are destroyed during hydro-treating (desulfurization of the naphtha).  
5.2 Other halides can also be used for dewaxing crude oil; in such cases, any organic halides will have similar impact on ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of organic chloride (above 1 μg/g organically-bound chlorine) in crude oils, using distillation and combustion ion chromatography.  
1.2 This test method involves the distillation of crude oil test specimens to obtain a naphtha fraction prior to chloride determination. The chloride content of the naphtha fraction of the whole crude oil can thereby be obtained. See Section 6 regarding potential interferences.  
1.3 The test procedure covers the determination of organic chloride in the washed naphtha fraction of crude oil by combustion ion chromatography. Other halides can be determined but are not included in the precision statement of the test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The preferred concentration units are micrograms of chloride per gram of sample.  
1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision ...

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ASTM
ASTM D4007-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water and sediment content of crude oil is significant because it can cause corrosion of equipment and problems in processing. A determination of water and sediment content is required to measure accurately net volumes of actual oil in sales, taxation, exchanges, and custody transfers. It is not anticipated that this test method, which is written with a dedicated laboratory facility in mind, is likely to be used in field test rooms or sample rooms due to safety concerns for proper ventilation and handling.  
5.2 This test method may not be suitable for crude oils that contain alcohols that are soluble in water. In cases where the impact on the results may be significant, the user is advised to consider using another test method, such as Test Method D4928 (API MPMS Chapter 10.9).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the laboratory determination of water and sediment in crude oils by means of the centrifuge procedure. This centrifuge method for determining water and sediment in crude oils is not entirely satisfactory. The amount of water detected is almost always lower than the actual water content. When a highly accurate value is required, the revised procedures for water by distillation, Test Method D4006 (API MPMS Chapter 10.2) (Note 1), and sediment by extraction, Test Method D473 (API MPMS Chapter 10.1), shall be used.  
Note 1: Test Method D4006 (API MPMS Chapter 10.2) has been determined to be the preferred and most accurate method for the determination of water.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements appear in 7.1, 9.3, and A1.5.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4929-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Organic Chloride Content in Crude Oil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Organic chlorides do not occur naturally in crude oil. When present, they result from contamination in some manner, such as disposal of chlorinated solvent used in many dewaxing pipeline or other equipment operations.  
5.1.1 Uncontaminated crude oil will contain no detectable organic chloride, and most refineries can handle very small amounts without deleterious effects.
5.1.1.1 Most trade contracts specify that no organic chloride is present in the crude oil.  
5.1.2 Several pipelines have set specification limits at  
5.1.2.1 To ensure Eq 3).  
5.1.3 Organic chloride present in the crude oil (for example, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, etc.) is usually distilled into the naphtha fraction. Some compounds break down during fractionation and produce hydrochloric acid, which has a corrosive effect. Some compounds survive fractionation and are destroyed during hydro-treating (desulfurization of the naphtha).  
5.2 Other halides can also be used for dewaxing crude oil; in such cases, any organic halides will have similar impact on the refining operations as the organic chlorides.  
5.3 Organic chloride species are potentially damaging to refinery processes. Hydrochloric acid can be produced in hydrotreating or reforming reactors and the acid accumulates in condensing regions of the refinery. Unexpected concentrations of organic chlorides cannot be effectively neutralized and damage can result. Organic chlorides are not known to be naturally present in crude oils and usually result from cleaning operations at producing sites, pipelines, or tanks. It is important for the oil industry to have common methods available for the determination of organic chlorides in crude oil, particularly when transfer of custody is involved.
SCOPE
1.1 The procedures in this test method cover the determination of organic chloride (above 1 μg/g organically-bound chlorine) in crude oils, using either distillation and sodium biphenyl reduction, distillation and microcoulometry, or distillation and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 The procedures in this test method involve the distillation of crude oil test specimens to obtain a naphtha fraction prior to chloride determination. The chloride content of the naphtha fraction of the whole crude oil can thereby be obtained. See Section 6 regarding potential interferences.  
1.3 Procedure A covers the determination of organic chloride in the washed naphtha fraction of crude oil by sodium biphenyl reduction followed by potentiometric titration.  
1.4 Procedure B covers the determination of organic chloride in the washed naphtha fraction of crude oil by oxidative combustion followed by microcoulometric titration.  
1.5 Procedure C covers the determination of organic chloride in the washed naphtha fraction of crude oil by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentration units are micrograms of chloride per gram of sample, though milligrams of chloride per kilogram of sample is commonly used for Procedure C.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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