ASTM E494-10
(Practice)Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials
Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials
ABSTRACT
This practice covers a test procedure for measuring ultrasonic velocities in materials with conventional ultrasonic pulse echo flaw detection equipment in which results are displayed in an A-scan display, and describes a method whereby unknown ultrasonic velocities in a material sample are determined by comparative measurements using a reference material whose ultrasonic velocities are accurately known. The ultrasonic testing system that shall be used shall consist of the test instrument, search unit, couplant, and the standard reference blocks. The test procedure shall include both longitudinal and transverse wave velocity measurements, which should conform to the theoretical values of the parameters.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice describes a test procedure for the application of conventional ultrasonic methods to determine velocity in materials wherein unknown ultrasonic velocities in a material sample are determined by comparative measurements using a reference material whose ultrasonic velocities are accurately known.
Although not all methods described in this practice are applied equally or universally to all velocity measurements in different materials, it does provide flexibility and a basis for establishing contractual criteria between users, and may be used as a general guideline for preparing a detailed procedure or specification for a particular application.
This practice is directed towards the determination of longitudinal and shear wave velocities using the appropriate sound wave form. This practice also outlines methods to determine elastic modulus and can be applied in both contact and immersion mode.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test procedure for measuring ultrasonic velocities in materials with conventional ultrasonic pulse echo flaw detection equipment in which results are displayed in an A-scan display. This practice describes a method whereby unknown ultrasonic velocities in a material sample are determined by comparative measurements using a reference material whose ultrasonic velocities are accurately known.
1.2 This procedure is intended for solid materials 5 mm (0.2 in.) thick or greater. The surfaces normal to the direction of energy propagation shall be parallel to at least ±3°. Surface finish for velocity measurements shall be 3.2 μm (125 μin.) rms or smoother.
Note 1—Sound wave velocities are cited in this practice using the fundamental units of metres per second, with inches per second supplied for reference in many cases. For some calculations, it is convenient to think of velocities in units of millimetres per microsecond. While these units work nicely in the calculations, the more natural units were chosen for use in the tables in this practice. The values can be simply converted from m/s to mm/μs by moving the decimal point three places to the left, that is, 3500 m/s becomes 3.5 mm/μs.
1.3 Ultrasonic velocity measurements are useful for determining several important material properties. Young's modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, acoustic impedance, and several other useful properties and coefficients can be calculated for solid materials with the ultrasonic velocities if the density is known (see Appendix X1).
1.4 More accurate results can be obtained with more specialized ultrasonic equipment, auxiliary equipment, and specialized techniques. Some of the supplemental techniques are described in Appendix X2. (Material contained in Appendix X2 is for informational purposes only.)
Note 2—Factors including techniques, equipment, types of material, and operator variables will result in variations in absolute velocity readings, sometimes by as much as 5 %. Relative results with a single combination of the above factors can be expected to be much more accurate (probably within a 1 % tolerance).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, i...
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Designation: E494 − 10
StandardPractice for
1
Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
combination of the above factors can be expected to be much more
1. Scope*
accurate (probably within a 1% tolerance).
1.1 This practice covers a test procedure for measuring
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ultrasonic velocities in materials with conventional ultrasonic
standard.
pulse echo flaw detection equipment in which results are
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
displayed in an A-scan display. This practice describes a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
method whereby unknown ultrasonic velocities in a material
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sample are determined by comparative measurements using a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
reference material whose ultrasonic velocities are accurately
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
known.
1.2 Thisprocedureisintendedforsolidmaterials5mm(0.2
2. Referenced Documents
in.) thick or greater. The surfaces normal to the direction of
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
energy propagation shall be parallel to at least 63°. Surface
C597Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
finishforvelocitymeasurementsshallbe3.2µm(125µin.)rms
E317PracticeforEvaluatingPerformanceCharacteristicsof
or smoother.
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
NOTE 1—Sound wave velocities are cited in this practice using the
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
fundamental units of metres per second, with inches per second supplied
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
for reference in many cases. For some calculations, it is convenient to
think of velocities in units of millimetres per microsecond. While these Testing
units work nicely in the calculations, the more natural units were chosen
E797Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultra-
for use in the tables in this practice. The values can be simply converted
sonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
from m/s to mm/µs by moving the decimal point three places to the left,
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
that is, 3500 m/s becomes 3.5 mm/µs.
3
2.2 ASNT Documents:
1.3 Ultrasonic velocity measurements are useful for deter-
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
miningseveralimportantmaterialproperties.Young’smodulus
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, acoustic impedance, and several
ASNI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
other useful properties and coefficients can be calculated for
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
solid materials with the ultrasonic velocities if the density is
4
2.3 AIA Document:
known (see Appendix X1).
NAS-410Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.4 More accurate results can be obtained with more spe-
Testing Personnel
cialized ultrasonic equipment, auxiliary equipment, and spe-
cialized techniques. Some of the supplemental techniques are
3. Terminology
described in Appendix X2. (Material contained in Appendix
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
X2 is for informational purposes only.)
practice, see Terminology E1316.
NOTE 2—Factors including techniques, equipment, types of material,
and operator variables will result in variations in absolute velocity
readings, sometimes by as much as 5%. Relative results with a single
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on the ASTM website.
3
Ultrasonic Method. AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originally 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E494-05. DOI: Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1250
10.1520/E0494-10. Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E494–05 Designation:E494–10
Standard Practice for
1
Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This specification has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 Thispracticecoversatestprocedureformeasuringultrasonicvelocitiesinmaterialswithconventionalultrasonicpulseecho
flaw detection equipment in which results are displayed in anA-scan display.This practice describes a method whereby unknown
ultrasonicvelocitiesinamaterialsamplearedeterminedbycomparativemeasurementsusingareferencematerialwhoseultrasonic
velocities are accurately known.
1.2 This procedure is intended for solid materials 5 mm [0.2 in.](0.2 in.) thick or greater. The surfaces normal to the direction
of energy propagation shall be parallel to at least 63°. Surface finish for velocity measurements shall be 3.2 µm [125 µin.](125
µin.) rms or smoother.
NOTE 1—Sound wave velocities are cited in this practice using the fundamental units of metres per second, with inches per second supplied for
reference in many cases. For some calculations, it is convenient to think of velocities in units of millimetres per microsecond. While these units work
nicelyinthecalculations,themorenaturalunitswerechosenforuseinthetablesinthispractice.Thevaluescanbesimplyconvertedfromm/stomm/µs
by moving the decimal point three places to the left, that is, 3500 m/s becomes 3.5 mm/µs.
1.3 Ultrasonic velocity measurements are useful for determining several important material properties. Young’s modulus of
elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, acoustic impedance, and several other useful properties and coefficients can be calculated for solid
materials with the ultrasonic velocities if the density is known (see Appendix X1).
1.4 More accurate results can be obtained with more specialized ultrasonic equipment, auxiliary equipment, and specialized
techniques. Some of the supplemental techniques are described in Appendix X2. (Material contained in Appendix X2 is for
informational purposes only.)
NOTE 2—Factors including techniques, equipment, types of material, and operator variables will result in variations in absolute velocity readings,
sometimesbyasmuchas5%.Relativeresultswithasinglecombinationoftheabovefactorscanbeexpectedtobemuchmoreaccurate(probablywithin
a 1% tolerance).
1.5
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C597 Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without
the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3
2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.06onUltrasonicMethod.
Current edition approved Dec.Sept. 1, 2005.2010. Published December 2005.October 2010. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as
E494-95(2001).E494-05. DOI: 10.1520/E0494-105.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E49
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