ASTM C286-99

Standard Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems

SCOPE
1.1 These definitions pertain to the terminology used in the porcelain enamel and ceramic-coated metal industries.  
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to these industries.  
1.3 Hyphenated words, double words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.  
1.4 When a word or phrase, listed as a synonym, is not separately defined, the defined word or phrase is the accepted or preferred form.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-1999
• ICS: 01.040.25 - Manufacturing engineering (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 25.220.50 - Enamels
• Technical Committee: B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
• Drafting Committee: B08.12 - Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM C286-99(2004) - Standard Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C632-88(2021) - Standard Test Method for Reboiling Tendency of Sheet Steel for Porcelain Enameling
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1999
• Referred By: ASTM C660-81(2020) - Standard Practices for Production and Preparation of Gray Iron Castings for Porcelain Enameling
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1999
• Referred By: ASTM E284-22 - Standard Terminology of Appearance
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1999

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 286 – 99
Standard Terminology Relating to
Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scatter of White Porcelain Enamels
C 374 Test Methods for Fusion Flow of Porcelain Enamel
1.1 These definitions pertain to the terminology used in the
Frits (Flow-Button Methods)
porcelain enamel and ceramic-coated metal industries.
C 448 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are
Enamels
not included. Included are words that are peculiar to these
C 614 Test Method for Alkali Resistance of Porcelain
industries.
Enamels
1.3 Hyphenated words, double words, or phrases are listed
C 633 Test Method for Adhesion or Cohesive Strength of
alphabetically under the first word; additional important words
Flame-Sprayed Coatings
are cross-referenced.
C 743 Test Method for Continuity of Porcelain Enamel
1.4 When a word or phrase, listed as a synonym, is not
Coatings
separately defined, the defined word or phrase is the accepted
C 756 Test Method for Cleanability of Surface Finishes
or preferred form.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: abrasion resistance—the degree to which a porcelain enamel
A 424 Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain Enamel- will resist attack by abrasive materials.
ing
NOTE 1—See Test Methods C 448.
A 919 Terminology Relating to Heat Treatment of Metals
acid annealing—an annealing process in which ferrous metal
C 282 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Porcelain Enam-
els (Citric Acid Spot Test) shapes are coated with acid before and in conjunction with
the annealing.
C 283 Test Method for Resistance of Porcelain Enameled
acid resistance—the degree to which a porcelain enamel will
Utensils to Boiling Acid
resist attack by acids.
C 285 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis of Wet-Milled and
Dry-Milled Porcelain Enamel
NOTE 2—See Test Method C 283 and Test Method C 282.
C 313 Test Method for Adherence of Porcelain Enamel and
adherence—(1) the degree of adhesion of a porcelain enamel
Ceramic Coatings to Sheet Metal
or other ceramic coating to a metal substrate.
C 314 Test Method for Flatness of Porcelain Enameled
Panels
NOTE 3—See Test Method C 313.
C 346 Test Method for 45-Deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic
(2) Stress necessary to cause separation of one material from
Materials another at their interface.
NOTE 4—See Test Method C 633.
C 347 Method of Test for Reflectivity and Coefficient of
aging—the storing of porcelain enamel slips or powders before
use. The change occurring in slips or powders with the lapse
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B-8 on Metallic
of time.
and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.01 on
air atomizing—air used to atomize powder and to control
Ancillary Matters.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published December 1999. Originally powder/air mix and powder cloud density.
published as C 286–51 T. Last previous edition C 286–98.
air fluidizer—air used to impart fluid-like properties to pow-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
der via a fluid bed.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
Discontinued; see 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
6 7
Discontinued; see 1980 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 17. Discontinued; see 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 286
alkali resistance—for porcelain enamels, the degree to which blue enamel—(1) in dry-process porcelain enameling, an area
a porcelain enamel will resist attack by aqueous alkaline of enamel coating so thin that it appears blue in color.
solutions.
(2) In wet-process enameling, a cover coat applied too
NOTE 5—See Test Method C 614.
thin to hide the substrate.
alligator hide—a defect characterized by an extreme rough-
boiling—a defect visible in the fired porcelain enamel caused
ness of the porcelain enamel surface: a severe case of orange
by gas evolution which results in the formation of blisters,
peel.
pinholes, black specks, dimples, or spongy surface.
aluminum enamel—a porcelain enamel specifically designed
bolt-hole brush—a special round brush used to remove
for application to aluminum.
porcelain enamel bisque from in and around small openings
annealing—see Terminology A 919.
in the ware.
annealing acid—see acid annealing and annealing.
bond—see adherence.
anti-scale compound—a preparation that is applied to burning
box furnace—a furnace in which, periodically, a load of ware
tools to protect them from scaling in service.
is introduced; fired, and removed.
back emission—the electrical breakdown of air due to exces-
break out—in dry process enameling, a defect characterized
sive charge build-up in the porcelain enamel powder film
by an area of blisters with well defined boundaries.
during powder application. This is due to the self-limiting
bright annealing—see Terminology A 919.
characteristic of electrostatic powders.
brush—to remove bisque in a definite pattern by means of a
back ionization—see back emission.
brush.
ball mill—in porcelain enamels, a dense, ceramic-lined rotat-
brush, bolt-hole—see bolt-hole brush.
ing cylinder in which ceramic materials are wet or dry
brushing—see brush.
ground, generally using pebbles or porcelain balls as grind-
bubble structure—size and spatial distribution of voids within
ing media.
the fired porcelain enamel.
base coat—for two coat-one fire application, the thin layer of
buck—a special support for ware during the firing of porcelain
bonding frit applied first and used to promote adherence after
enamel on heavy ware.
firing to the metal substrate.
burning—see firing.
base metal—the metal to which porcelain enamel is applied.
burning bars, points, or tools—equipment used to suspend or
basis metal—see base metal.
support ware during the firing operations.
basket, pickle—see pickle basket and pickling.
burning tool mark—a defect in the porcelain enamel appear-
batch smelter—any smelter that operates as a periodic unit,
ing on the surface opposite to the point of contact with the
being charged, fired, and discharged according to a prede-
supporting burning tool.
termined cycle.
button test—a test designed to determine relative fusibility of
beading—(1) the application of porcelain enamel, usually of a
porcelain enamel frit or powder and so called because the
contrasting color, to the edge or rim of porcelain enameled
completed specimens resemble buttons.
articles.
NOTE 6—See flow button and Test Methods C 374.
( 2) Removal of excess slip from the edge of dipped ware. cast iron enamel—a porcelain enamel specifically designed
for application to cast iron.
(3) In dry processing enameling, a bead of porcelain ceramic coating—an inorganic, essentially nonmetallic coat-
enamel along the edge of ware. ing, on metal.
beading enamel—any of the special porcelain enamels used ceramic colorant—see color oxide.
for beading. ceramic ink—an ink containing a ceramic pigment that
bisque—a coating of wet-process porcelain enamel that has develops its color on firing. Also known as stamping,
been dried, but not fired. screening, or printing ink.
blackboard enamel— see chalkboard enamel. ceramic-metal coating—a mixture of one or more ceramic
black edging—a black porcelain enamel applied over the materials in combination with a metallic phase applied to a
ground coat and exposed in specified areas by brushing the metallic substrate which may or may not require heat
cover coat bisque prior to firing (see also edging). treatment prior to service. This term may also be used for
black speck—a defect that appears in the fired cover coat as a coatings applied to nonmetallic substrates, for example,
small dark spot. graphite.
blank—the piece cut from metal sheet that is to be used in cermet coating—see ceramic-metal coating.
forming the finished article. chalkboard enamel—a special type of mat porcelain enamel
blemish—in dry process enameling, an insignificant imperfec- used to provide a writing surface for chalk.
tion in the porcelain enamel surface. chalky or chalked—the condition of a porcelain enameled
blister—a defect caused by gas evolution consisting of a surface that has lost its natural gloss and become powdery.
bubble that forms during fusion and remains when the charge decay—loss of charge on the deposited powder due to
porcelain enamel solidifies. electrical leakage.
blow-off resistance—the degree to which a deposited layer of charge decay rate—loss of charge per unit of time.
powder resists being blown off by a standard jet of air. charge retention—the ability of an electrically charged layer
C 286
to retain its initial charge. ware is allowed to cool after firing.
charge to mass ratio—ratio of the charge on a powder copper enamel—a porcelain enamel specifically designed for
expressed in coulombs to the mass of the powder expressed
application to copper.
in kilograms. copperhead—a defect occurring in sheet metal ground coat
chipping—fracturing and breaking away of fragments of a
that appears as a small freckle or pimple-like spot, reddish
porcelain enameled surface. brown in color.
cleanability—the relative ease with which soils or stains can
cover coat—a porcelain enamel finish applied and fused over
be removed from a material.
a ground coat or direct to the metal substrate.
covering power—the degree to which a porcelain enamel
NOTE 7—See Test Method C 756.
coating obscures the underlying surface.
cleaner—a solution, usually alkaline, used to remove oil,
cracking—a defect in the bisque consisting of fractures or
grease, drawing compounds, and loose dirt from metal as a
separations.
step in preparing the surface for porcelain enameling.
crackled—a mottled textural effect in a wet process porcelain
clear frit—a frit that remains essentially transparent or nono-
enamel resembling a wrinkled surface.
paque when processed into a porcelain enamel.
crawling—a defect in the porcelain enamel appearing as
coating—see ceramic coating and ceramic-metal coating.
agglomerates or irregularly shaped islands.
coefficient of scatter—the rate of increase of reflectance with
craze, crazing—a defect appearing as one or more fine cracks
thickness at infinitesimal thickness of porcelain enamel over
in the porcelain enamel.
an ideally black backing.
crinkled—a textural effect in a porcelain enamel surface
having the appearance of fine wrinkles or ridges.
NOTE 8—See Test Method C 347.
crossbend test—a test in which fired or bisque porcelain
cold-rolled steel—a low-carbon, cold-reduced and annealed
enamel panels are progressively distorted by bending to
sheet steel.
determine the resistance of the coating to cracking.
color oxide—a material used to impart color to a porcelain
cup gun—a spray gun with a fluid container as an integral part.
enamel.
cupping—the pouring of slip over areas of a part during
colored frit—a frit containing a colorant in order to produce a
draining to produce uniform application.
strong color in the porcelain enamel.
curling—a defect similar to crawling.
comb-rack—(1) a burning tool shaped like a comb used for
curtains—a defect in sheet steel ground coatings characterized
supporting ware during firing.
by a draped pattern of darkened areas that are sometimes
blistered. May also appear in cover coats applied over the
(2) A comb-like tool for supporting ware during the metal
ground coat or direct-on.
pickling operation.
decarburized enameling steel—a special type of steel sheet of
comeback—the time required for a box furnace to return to
extremely low carbon content, suitable for porcelain enamel
temperature after the introduction of a load of ware.
cover coat application direct to the metal (Type I of
cone-screen test—a method for testing fineness of enamel
Specification A 424).
with a cone-shaped sieve. (see also screen test)
decarburized steel— see decarburized enameling steel.
consistency—the properties of a slip that control its draining,
decking—the multiple layer loading of ware for firing.
flowing, and spraying behavior.
de-enameling—the removal of porcelain enamel from the base
continuity of coating—the degree to which a porcelain enamel
metal.
or ceramic coating is free of defects, such as bare spots,
deflocculating—the thinning of the consistency of a slip by
boiling, blisters or copperheads, that could reduce its pro-
adding a suitable electrolyte.
tective properties.
delayed fishscaling—a fishscaling defect that occurs after the
NOTE 9—See Test Method C 743.
final porcelain enamel processing (see also fishscaling).
devitrification—a surface defect manifested by loss of gloss as
continuous cleaning (coating)—a term describing a type of
a result of crystallization.
porcelain enamel designed to provide the continuous re-
dimple—a shallow depression in the porcelain enamel, some-
moval, at normal use temperatures, of food soils accumu-
times a defect.
lated on the interior surfaces of ovens.
dipping—the process of coating a metal shape by immersion
continuous furnace—a furnace into which ware is fed con-
in slip, removal, and draining. In dry process enameling, the
tinuously and through which it progresses during firing.
method of coating by immersing the heated metal shape for
continuous smelter—a type of smelter into which the raw mix
a short time in powdered frit.
is fed continuously and from which the molten product is
dipping weight—see pick-up.
discharged continuously.
direct fire—a method of maturing porcelain enamel wherein
contrast ratio—the ratio of the reflectance of a coating over
the products of combustion come in contact with the ware.
black backing to its reflectance over a backing of reflectance
direct-on—see cover coat.
of 0.80 (80 percent).
double draining—a defect evidenced by flowing of the slip on
NOTE 10—See Test Method C 347.
the ware, which occurs after it appears that draining has been
cooling zone—that part of the continuous furnace in which the completed.
C 286
double-face ware—ware that has a finish coat on both enamel—see porcelain enamel.
surfaces. enamel, aluminum—see aluminum enamel.
enamel, beading—see beading enamel.
draining—the part of the dipping or flowcoating pro
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