ASTM E2201-13(2020)

Standard Terminology for Coal Combustion Products

SCOPE
1.1 This standard defines terms used in the production, management and use of coal combustion products (CCPs). It is intended to promote understanding by providing precise technical definitions of terms used.  
1.2 Terms used only within an individual coal combustion product (CCP) standard, and having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or explained in the terminology section of that individual standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2019
• ICS: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels
• Technical Committee: E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
• Drafting Committee: E50.03 - Beneficial Use

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E2201-13 - Standard Terminology for Coal Combustion Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E3033-16 - Standard Guide for Beneficial Use of Landfills and Chemically Impacted Sites
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E2278-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E3183-19 - Standard Guide for Harvesting Coal Combustion Products Stored in Active and Inactive Storage Areas for Beneficial Use
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E2243-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E2277-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E2060-22 - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM D7762-18e1 - Standard Practice for Design of Stabilization of Soil and Soil-Like Materials with Self-Cementing Fly Ash
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E3355-23 - Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) in Storage Area(s) for Beneficial Use
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020

Overview

ASTM E2201-13(2020), Standard Terminology for Coal Combustion Products (CCPs), is a comprehensive terminology standard published by ASTM International. This standard defines key technical terms used in the production, management, and utilization of coal combustion products. Its goal is to promote clarity and a common understanding among professionals in industries such as environmental management, civil engineering, waste management, and regulatory bodies. The standard supports consistent communication by providing precise definitions for terms commonly encountered in the context of coal-fired power generation by-products.

Key Topics

ASTM E2201-13(2020) covers a wide range of terminology relevant to coal combustion products, enabling stakeholders to align on technical language. Key topics include:

• Coal Combustion Products (CCPs): Definitions for fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material.
• Environmental Terms: Concepts such as leachate, acid mine drainage (AMD), and encapsulation are defined to support environmental compliance and remediation efforts.
• Usage and Processing: Terms covering beneficial use, soil stabilization, flowable fill, compaction, consolidation, and structural fill, which guide CCP reuse and safe handling.
• Production and By-product Management: Definitions related to pollution control technologies, such as baghouses, electrostatic precipitators, wet and dry scrubbers, and the products they generate.
• Materials and Physical Properties: Clarification of terms like bulk density, pozzolanic activity, cementitious ash, and stabilized FGD material, which are essential for material performance and engineering applications.

Applications

The standard terminology presented in ASTM E2201-13(2020) is widely applicable across industries involved with coal-fired power generation and the management or reuse of its by-products. Its primary applications include:

• Engineering and Construction: Assists in specifying and using CCPs as construction materials, such as fly ash in concrete, bottom ash for road base, or structural fills in embankments.
• Environmental Compliance: Supports the correct interpretation of regulatory documentation and reporting by providing standardized definitions for waste management and pollution control.
• Beneficial Use Projects: Facilitates the reuse of CCPs in applications like mine reclamation, soil amendment, waste stabilization, and manufacturing of building products (e.g., wallboard, roofing granules).
• Research and Development: Ensures consistency in scientific studies, innovation, and product development involving coal ash, FGD gypsum, and boiler by-products.
• Policy and Regulation: Provides a precise vocabulary for drafting permits, environmental impact assessments, and industry guidance documents.

Related Standards

ASTM E2201-13(2020) is part of a broader suite of ASTM standards and international references concerning coal combustion products and their management. Related standards and important documents include:

• ASTM C618 – Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
• ASTM D2322 – Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Microscope Slides
• ASTM E1609 – Standard Guide for Development of a Site-Specific Conceptual Site Model for Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Coal Combustion Products
• EPA regulations on coal combustion residuals (CCR)
• ISO and EN standards for environmental monitoring and waste management

These standards, alongside ASTM E2201-13(2020), collectively support comprehensive, safe, and environmentally sound management and beneficial use of coal combustion products worldwide. For further information and access to these documents, professionals should consult ASTM International or relevant regulatory bodies.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2201 − 13 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Terminology for
Coal Combustion Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope aquifer , n—a geologic formation, group of formations, or part
of a formation that is saturated with water and capable of
1.1 This standard defines terms used in the production,
providing a significant quantity of water.
management and use of coal combustion products (CCPs). It is
intended to promote understanding by providing precise tech-
baghouse, n—a facility that removes solid particles from the
nical definitions of terms used.
flue gas by the use of fabric filter bags.
1.2 Terms used only within an individual coal combustion
beneficial use of a CCP, n—the use of or substitution of the
product (CCP) standard, and having a meaning unique to that
coalcombustionproduct(CCP)foranotherproductbasedon
standard, may be defined or explained in the terminology
performance criteria. For purposes of this definition, benefi-
section of that individual standard.
cial use includes but is not restricted to raw feed for cement
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
clinker, concrete, grout, flowable fill, controlled low strength
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
material; structural fill; road base/sub-base; soil- modifica-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tion; mineral filler; snow and ice traction control; blasting
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
grit and abrasives; roofing granules; mining applications;
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
wallboard; waste stabilization/solidification; soil amendment
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and agriculture.
boiler slag, n—a molten ash collected at the base of slag tap
2. Terminology
and cyclone boilers that is quenched with water and shatters
acid mine drainage (AMD), n—water exhibiting a pH of less
into black, angular particles having a smooth, glassy appear-
than 6.0 and in which total acidity exceeds total alkalinity,
ance.
discharged from an active, inactive or abandoned coal mine
borrow, n—an area designated as a source for soil in construc-
and reclamation operation or from an area affected by
tion or mine reclamation projects; a source or sources of
surface coal mining and reclamation operations.
material other than the required excavation.
acid mine water, n—see AMD.
bottom ash, n—agglomerated ash particles formed in pulver-
aggregate, n—granular material used as a component in
ized coal boilers that are too large to be carried in the flue
concrete or mortar with a hydraulic cementing medium to
gases and impinge on the boiler walls or fall through open
produce either concrete or mortar.
grates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the boiler. Bottom
DISCUSSION—Examples include sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed
ash is typically grey to black in color, is quite angular, and
hydraulic-cement concrete, iron blast furnace slag, or coal bottom ash
has a porous surface structure.
and boiler slag.
bulk density, n—the mass of a material per unit volume
alkalinity, n—the capacity of water to neutralize acids, a
including voids. Bulk density is usually reported on a dry
property imparted by the water’s content of carbonates,
basis.
bicarbonates, and hydroxides and occasionally borates,
silicates, and phosphates. It is often expressed in milligrams
calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO ·2H O), n—gypsum; the
4 2
per liter of calcium carbonate.
primary product of a forced-oxidation wet flue gas desulfu-
rizationsysteminwhichadditionalairisintroducedandlime
or limestone is used as the reagent.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on
cementitious ash, n—fly ash, which hardens irreversibly when
Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the
mixed with water. Also referred to as self-cementing ash.
direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.03 on Beneficial Use.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020. Published March 2020. Originally
coal ash, n—a collective term referring to any solid materials
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2201–13. DOI:
10.1520/E2201-13R20. produced primarily from the combustion of coal.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2201 − 13 (2020)
DISCUSSION—Examples include fly ash, bottom ash, or boiler slag.
processes are wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers and sorbent
injection. Sorbents include lime, limestone, sodium-based
coal combustion products (CCPs), n—fly ash, bottom ash,
compounds and high-calcium coal fly ash.
boiler slag, fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, or flue gas
desulfurization (FGD) material produced primarily from the dry FGD ash, n—see dry FGD material.
combustion of coal or the cleaning of the stack gases.
dry FGD material, n—the product that is produced from dry
FGD systems and consists primarily of calcium sulfite, fly ash,
compaction, n—the densification of a soil or coal combustion
portlandite (Ca(OH) ), and/or calcite.
product by means of mechanical manipulation; reduction in
bulk volume of solid waste by rolling and tamping.
fixated FGD material, n—a designed mixture of dewatered
FGD sludge that is primarily calcium sulfite with either a
consolidation, n—the reduction in volume of a fill caused by
high-lime fly ash or a low lime fly ash combined with a
movement of water out of the fill mass. Consolidation
cementitious material. FGD sludge is also known as scrubber
generally occurs due to an increase in the vertical stress on
sludge, scrubber material, FGD solids, filter cake or centrifuge
a fill. It is the movement of water rather than the compres-
cake.
sion of air-filled voids that distinguishes consolidation from
compaction.
lime spray drier ash, n—see dry FGD material.
cyclone, n—a cone-shaped air-cleaning apparatus that operates stabilized FGD material, n—another name for fixated FGD
by centrifugal separation and is used in particle collecting material.
and fine grinding operations.
wet FGD products, n—the product of wet FGD processes or
systems. It is composed primarily of water, calcium sulfite/
density, n—the mass per unit volume; weight per unit volume,
sulfate solids, and small quantities of fly ash. Wet FGD
expressed as grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubic
products can be thixotropic.
foot for solids and liquids and usually as grams per liter for
gases.
FGD gypsum, n—gypsum formed from an oxidizing and
calcium-based flue gas desulfurization process.
dike, n—an embankment or ridge of either natural or synthetic
materials used to contain or hold a liquid, slurry, sludge, or
FGD material, n—a product of an FGD process typically
other material in ponds.
using a high-calcium sorbent such as lime or limestone.
Sodium-based sorbent and high-calcium coal fly ashes are also
discharge, n—the release of any solid, liquid or gas waste
used in some systems. The physical nature of these materials
stream or any constituent thereof to the env
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