ASTM C895-87(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Tile
Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Tile
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several test methods available to measure the lead and cadmium release from dinnerware and cookware (see Test Methods C738 and C1034 and Specification C1035). These standards are used as a control to ensure the protection of the population against a possible health hazard.4 This potential hazard arises with improperly formulated, applied, fired glazes and decorations. This test method deals specifically with ceramic tile that are intended to come in contact with food during its preparation (for example, counter top tile).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from glazed ceramic tile that are intended for use in areas of food preparation. The procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the release of lead from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that is unlikely to be matched under the actual conditions of usage of such ceramic tile. This test method is specific for lead and cadmium.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C895 − 87 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C895; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope etry using specific hollow-cathode lamps for lead and
cadmium, respectively.
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of
leadandcadmiumextractedbyaceticacidfromglazedceramic
4. Significance and Use
tile that are intended for use in areas of food preparation. The
4.1 There are several test methods available to measure the
procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the
lead and cadmium release from dinnerware and cookware (see
release of lead from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a
Test Methods C738 and C1034 and Specification C1035).
severe test that is unlikely to be matched under the actual
These standards are used as a control to ensure the protection
conditions of usage of such ceramic tile. This test method is
of the population against a possible health hazard. This
specific for lead and cadmium.
potential hazard arises with improperly formulated, applied,
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
firedglazesanddecorations.Thistestmethoddealsspecifically
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
withceramictilethatareintendedtocomeincontactwithfood
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
during its preparation (for example, counter top tile).
and are not considered standard.
5. Interferences
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 Since specific hollow-cathode lamps for lead and cad-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mium are used, there are no interferences.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, equipped with a
2. Referenced Documents
4-in. (102-mm) single slot or Boling burner head and digital
2.1 ASTM Standards:
concentration readout attachment (DCR) if available. This
C738 Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from
instrument should have a sensitivity of about 0.5 ppm of lead
Glazed Ceramic Surfaces
for 1 % absorption and a sensitivity of about 0.25 ppm of
C1034 Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted From
cadmium for 1 % absorption. Use the operating conditions as
Glazed Ceramic Cookware (Withdrawn 2001)
specified in the instrument manufacturer’s analytical methods
C1035 Specification for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from
manual.
Glazed Ceramic Cookware (Withdrawn 2001)
NOTE 1—1 ppm = 1 mg/L or one part per million is one milligram per
litre.
3. Summary of Test Method
6.2 Hollow-Cathode Lead Lamp, with wavelength set at
3.1 The lead and cadmium extracted from the article under
283.3 or 217.0 nm.
test, by acetic acid at 20 to 24°C (68 to 75°F) after 24 h of
leaching, are measured by atomic absorption spectrophotom-
6.3 Hollow-Cathode Cadmium Lamp, with wavelength set
at 228.8 nm.
6.4 Glassware of chemically resistant borosilicate glass to
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
make reagents and solutions.
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
6.5 Test Cell—Chemically resistant borosilicate glass cylin-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C895 – 87 (2009).
der to contain the leaching solution. An open-ended cell
DOI: 10.1520/C0895-87R14.
approximately80mminlengthand60mmininternaldiameter
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
has proven suitable.
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on “Lead Industries, Inc.,” Proceedings, International Conference on Ceramic
www.astm.org. Foodware Safety, 1975, pp. 8–17.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C895 − 87 (2014)
7. Reagents 8.2 Preparation of Standards:
8.2.1 Lead Standards—Dilute lead nitrate solution (see 7.5)
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
with acetic acid (see 7.3) to obtain working standards having
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
final concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm of Pb.
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
8.2.2 Cadmium Standards—Dilute cadmium stock solution
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society
(see 7.7) with acetic acid (see 7.3) to obtain working standards
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
having final concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 ppm
used provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
of Cd.
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
accuracy of the determination. 8.3 Determination of Lead by Atomic Absorption—Stir the
sample (leaching) solution and pour off a portion into a clean
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
flask. Using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (see 6.1)
to water shall be understood to mean distilled water.
and hollow-cathode lamp (see 6.2), at the same time determine
7.3 Acetic Acid (4 % by Volume)—Mix 1 volume of glacial
the absorption of the lead working standards (see 8.2.1) and
acetic acid with 24 volumes of water. Run a reagent blank each
sample (leaching) solutions, diluting the latter with 4 % acetic
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C895 − 87 (Reapproved 2009) C895 − 87 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C895; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from glazed ceramic tile
that are intended for use in areas of food preparation. The procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the release of lead
from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that is unlikely to be matched under the actual conditions of usage of such
ceramic tile. This test method is specific for lead and cadmium.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C738 Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Surfaces
C1034 Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted From Glazed Ceramic Cookware (Withdrawn 2001)
C1035 Specification for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Cookware (Withdrawn 2001)
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The lead and cadmium extracted from the article under test, by acetic acid at 20 to 24°C (68 to 75°F) after 24 h of leaching,
are measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using specific hollow-cathode lamps for lead and cadmium, respectively.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 There are several test methods available to measure the lead and cadmium release from dinnerware and cookware (see Test
Methods C738 and C1034 and Specification C1035). These standards are used as a control to ensure the protection of the
population against a possible health hazard. This potential hazard arises with improperly formulated, applied, fired glazes and
decorations. This test method deals specifically with ceramic tile that are intended to come in contact with food during its
preparation (for example, counter top tile).
5. Interferences
5.1 Since specific hollow-cathode lamps for lead and cadmium are used, there are no interferences.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, equipped with a 4-in. (102-mm) single slot or Boling burner head and digital
concentration readout attachment (DCR) if available. This instrument should have a sensitivity of about 0.5 ppm of lead for 1 %
absorption and a sensitivity of about 0.25 ppm of cadmium for 1 % absorption. Use the operating conditions as specified in the
instrument manufacturer’s analytical methods manual.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.06
on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009Dec. 1, 2014. Published September 2009December 2014. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20032009
as C895 – 87 (2003).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/C0895-87R09.10.1520/C0895-87R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
“Lead Industries, Inc.,” Proceedings, International Conference on Ceramic Foodware Safety, 1975, pp. 8–17.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C895 − 87 (2014)
NOTE 1—1 ppm = 1 mg/L or one part per million is one milligram per litre.
6.2 Hollow-Cathode Lead Lamp, with wavelength set at 283.3 or 217.0 nm.
6.3 Hollow-Cathode Cadmium Lamp, with wavelength set at 228.8 nm.
6.4 Glassware of chemically resistant borosilicate glass to make reagents and solutions.
6.5 Test Cell—Chemically resistant borosilicate glass cylinder to contain the leaching solution. An open-ended cell
approximately 80 mm in length and 60 mm in internal diameter has proven suitable.
7. Reagents
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high
purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean distilled water.
7.3 Acetic Acid (4 % by Volume)—Mix 1 volume of glacial acetic acid with 24 volumes of water. Run a reagent blank each time
a 4 % acetic acid solution is prepared.
7.4 Detergent Rinse—Add 15 g of suitable alkaline detergent to 1 gal (3.79 L) of lukewarm tap water.
7.5 Lead Nitrate Solution (1000-ppm Pb)—Dissolve 1.598 g of lead nitrate (Pb(No ) ) in 4 % acetic acid and dilute to 1 L with
3 2
4 % acetic acid. Commercially available standard lead solutions may also be used.
7.6 Hydrochloric Acid (1 % by Weight)—Mix 1 volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp. gr. 1.19) with 37 volumes
of water.
7.7 Cadmium Solution (1000-ppm Cd)—Dissolve 0.9273 g of anhydrous cadmium sulfate in approximately 250 mL of
...
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