ASTM E3234-20

Standard Practice for Forensic Paint Analysis Training Program

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedures outlined herein are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic paint examination and comparison.  
3.2 With successful completion of this paint analysis training program, the trainee gains the theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary to perform, document, and evaluate forensic paint examinations and comparisons.  
3.3 This training practice covers a variety of instrumental methods which can be used in the analysis of paint. Not all laboratories will have access to all of the instrumentation. It is expected that a paint analysis training program will include all the techniques that are found within a laboratory's procedures for the forensic examination of paint.  
3.3.1 Instrumental methods that provide organic and inorganic analysis capabilities are utilized in the laboratory training program. Examples include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
SCOPE
1.1 This document is intended as a practice for use by laboratory personnel responsible for training examiners to perform forensic examinations and comparisons of paint. It contains a list of training objectives with recommended methods of instruction, reading assignments and structured exercises to provide practical experience for the trainee.  
1.1.1 The trainees and training program shall meet or exceed the minimum training requirements set forth in Practice E2917.  
1.1.2 Additional training could be required for a particular method or instrument referred to herein. The application of analytical techniques to paint analysis assumes the trainee is already competent in the use of each particular analytical technique or instrumental method.  
1.1.3 Other sources of information on forensic paint examination not specifically mentioned in this document can be considered and added.  
1.1.4 Additional paint analysis training beyond that which is listed here should be made available to the trainee. Such training could include off-site courses, internships, and specialized training by experienced examiners.  
1.1.5 Continuing education and training is recommended. Additional training provides a forensic paint examiner with the opportunity to remain current in the field.  
1.1.6 Paint samples occasionally are evaluated for physical matches of broken edges. This document does not provide training requirements for physical match comparisons. Additional training is required to conduct this type of analysis.  
1.2 This practice is in a modular format for easy adaptation to an individual laboratory’s training program. Recommendations as to lessons, practical exercises, progress monitoring, and trainee evaluations are included. Reading assignments are listed in each subsequent section of this practice; full citations are available in the References section.  
1.3 A paint analysis training program provides a theoretical foundation and basic practical skills necessary to prepare a trainee to become a qualified forensic paint examiner. At the end of the paint analysis training program, the trainee is capable of forming opinions based upon sound scientific knowledge, appropriate examinations, and practical experience. The trainee also is able to independently work cases, write reports, testify in court, and peer review cases. Upon completion of the program by a trainee or at some regular interval (for example, once per accreditation cycle), the training program should be evaluated for its efficacy and relevance according to the guidance set forth in Practice E2917.  
1.4 This standard practice does not address human factors (for example, cognitive bias). It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to address human factors during the initial or general training of...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2020
• ICS: 03.100.30 - Management of human resources
• ICS: 07.140 - Forensic science
• Technical Committee: E30 - Forensic Sciences
• Drafting Committee: E30.01 - Criminalistics

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E2917-24 - Standard Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training, Continuing Education, and Professional Development Programs
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D16-24 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E2808-19 - Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry in Forensic Paint Analysis
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM E2917-19 - Standard Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training, Continuing Education, and Professional Development Programs
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1610-17 - Standard Guide for Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Refers: ASTM E308-17 - Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
• Effective Date: 01-May-2017
• Refers: ASTM D16-16 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM E308-15 - Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM D16-14 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2014
• Refers: ASTM D1535-14 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1610-14 - Standard Guide for Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2014
• Refers: ASTM E2937-13 - Standard Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2013
• Refers: ASTM E1459-13 - Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2013
• Refers: ASTM D1535-13 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2013
• Refers: ASTM D16-12 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2012

Overview

ASTM E3234-20, titled Standard Practice for Forensic Paint Analysis Training Program, is an international standard developed by ASTM for laboratories responsible for forensic paint examination and comparison. This practice offers a structured framework to develop knowledge and skills for forensic science practitioners, ensuring competency in handling paint evidence, using analytical instrumentation, and reporting findings. The document outlines modular training objectives, recommended instructional methods, reading assignments, practical exercises, and guidance for evaluation, aligning with general standards in forensic science training such as ASTM E2917.

Key Topics

• Grounded Methodology: The standard is based on accepted forensic science knowledge for paint analysis.
• Modular Training Approach: Allows adaptation to various laboratory procedures and instrument availability.
• Training Scope: Covers theoretical and practical skills-including documentation, casework, testimony, and peer review.
• Instrumental Techniques: Addresses organic and inorganic analysis methods commonly used in forensic paint labs, such as:
  • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • Pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC)
  • Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)
  • X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD)
• Instructional Methods: Includes reading assignments, lectures, casework observation, supervised casework, and practical laboratory exercises.
• Competency Evaluation: Specifies progress monitoring, testing, and ongoing education as integral components.

Applications

ASTM E3234-20 is highly relevant for:

• Forensic Laboratories: Structuring and maintaining comprehensive paint analysis training programs for new and existing analysts.
• Quality Assurance: Ensuring consistency and scientific rigor in forensic paint examinations, from sample management to reporting and testimony.
• Legal Proceedings: Training forensic paint examiners to effectively testify in court and conduct peer reviews, supporting the evidentiary value of paint evidence.
• Continuous Professional Development: Promoting ongoing training, specialized instruction, off-site courses, and internships to keep practitioners current with evolving techniques and standards.
• Instrument-Specific Training: Providing foundational competence for practitioners already trained in general laboratory or chemical analysis, focusing on paint-specific applications.
• Adaptability: The standard’s modular format allows laboratories to adjust the program according to resources, case types, and available instrumentation.

Related Standards

ASTM E3234-20 is supported by and references several related standards to ensure alignment with broader forensic and scientific best practices:

• ASTM E2917: Forensic Science Practitioner Training, Continuing Education, and Professional Development Programs
• ASTM E1610: Guide for Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison
• ASTM D16: Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• ASTM E2808: Guide for Microspectrophotometry in Forensic Paint Analysis
• ASTM E2809: Guide for Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy in Forensic Polymer Examinations
• ASTM E2937: Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint Examinations
• ASTM D5380, D5381, D4764: Methods for specific instrumental analysis of paint samples

Conclusion

ASTM E3234-20 establishes a robust, modular training program for forensic paint analysis, providing practical value for laboratories, practitioners, and judicial systems. By adhering to these standardized training practices, laboratories can assure quality, competency, and reliability in forensic paint examinations-effectively supporting the accurate interpretation and presentation of paint evidence in investigations and courtrooms.

Keywords: forensic paint analysis, ASTM E3234-20, forensic science training, paint examination standard, instrumental methods, quality assurance, forensic laboratory training, paint evidence analysis, FTIR, SEM/EDS, XRF, forensic examiner competency.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3234 − 20 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Forensic Paint Analysis Training Program
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3234; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope end of the paint analysis training program, the trainee is
capable of forming opinions based upon sound scientific
1.1 This document is intended as a practice for use by
knowledge, appropriate examinations, and practical experi-
laboratory personnel responsible for training examiners to
ence. The trainee also is able to independently work cases,
perform forensic examinations and comparisons of paint. It
write reports, testify in court, and peer review cases. Upon
contains a list of training objectives with recommended meth-
completion of the program by a trainee or at some regular
ods of instruction, reading assignments and structured exer-
interval (for example, once per accreditation cycle), the train-
cises to provide practical experience for the trainee.
ing program should be evaluated for its efficacy and relevance
1.1.1 The trainees and training program shall meet or
according to the guidance set forth in Practice E2917.
exceedtheminimumtrainingrequirementssetforthinPractice
E2917. 1.4 This standard practice does not address human factors
1.1.2 Additional training could be required for a particular (for example, cognitive bias). It is the responsibility of the user
method or instrument referred to herein. The application of of this standard to address human factors during the initial or
analytical techniques to paint analysis assumes the trainee is generaltrainingofaforensicscientist.RefertoPracticeE2917.
already competent in the use of each particular analytical
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
technique or instrumental method.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1.3 Other sources of information on forensic paint exami-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nation not specifically mentioned in this document can be
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
considered and added.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1.4 Additionalpaintanalysistrainingbeyondthatwhichis
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
listed here should be made available to the trainee. Such
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
trainingcouldincludeoff-sitecourses,internships,andspecial-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ized training by experienced examiners.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1.5 Continuing education and training is recommended.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Additional training provides a forensic paint examiner with the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
opportunity to remain current in the field.
1.1.6 Paint samples occasionally are evaluated for physical
2. Referenced Documents
matches of broken edges. This document does not provide
2.1 ASTM Standards:
training requirements for physical match comparisons. Addi-
E2917 Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training,
tional training is required to conduct this type of analysis.
Continuing Education, and Professional Development
1.2 This practice is in a modular format for easy adaptation
Programs
to an individual laboratory’s training program. Recommenda-
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
tions as to lessons, practical exercises, progress monitoring,
Applications
and trainee evaluations are included. Reading assignments are
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
listed in each subsequent section of this practice; full citations
D4764 Test Method for Determination by X-ray Fluores-
are available in the References section.
cence Spectroscopy of Titanium Dioxide Content in Paint
D5380 Test Method for Identification of Crystalline Pig-
1.3 Apaint analysis training program provides a theoretical
ments and Extenders in Paint by X-Ray Diffraction
foundation and basic practical skills necessary to prepare a
Analysis
trainee to become a qualified forensic paint examiner. At the
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020. Published April 2020. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
E3234-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E3234 − 20
D5381 Guide for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy 4.2.6 Reviewing ways in which bias can influence paint
of Pigments and Extenders examinations.
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
4.2.7 Teaching appropriate quality assurance and quality
the CIE System control procedures.
E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related
4.2.8 Reviewing tests, practical exercises, and casework
Documentation
samples with the trainee.
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and
4.2.9 Teaching expert testimony skills through moot court
Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
or observation, or both.
E1610 Guide for Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison
4.2.10 Monitoring the trainee’s progress
E2808 Guide for Microspectrophotometry in Forensic Paint
4.3 Each laboratory is required to maintain:
Analysis
4.3.1 An up-to-date training program which is reviewed and
E2809 Guide for Using Scanning Electron Microscopy/
assessed for efficacy and relevance as described in Practice
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) in
E2917.
Forensic Polymer Examinations
4.3.2 Documentation of training according to Practice
E2937 Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic
E2917.
Paint Examinations
4.3.3 Documentation of competency tests and proficiency
3. Significance and Use
tests.
3.1 The procedures outlined herein are grounded in the
5. Syllabus
generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the
field of forensic paint examination and comparison.
5.1 A paint analysis training program provides the trainee
theoretical knowledge and practical skills in examining,
3.2 With successful completion of this paint analysis train-
interpreting, reporting, testifying, and reviewing forensic paint
ing program, the trainee gains the theoretical knowledge and
cases. This is accomplished through a combination of the
practical skills necessary to perform, document, and evaluate
following training methods:
forensic paint examinations and comparisons.
5.1.1 Reading of Relevant Literature:
3.3 This training practice covers a variety of instrumental
5.1.1.1 The reading assignments listed are suggestions.
methods which can be used in the analysis of paint. Not all
Newer versions can be used. Other relevant literature can be
laboratories will have access to all of the instrumentation. It is
used or substituted.
expected that a paint analysis training program will include all
5.1.2 Instruction and Observation of Forensic Paint Exam-
the techniques that are found within a laboratory’s procedures
iners:
for the forensic examination of paint.
5.1.2.1 Lectures and discussions,
3.3.1 Instrumental methods that provide organic and inor-
5.1.2.2 Practical demonstration of basic skills,
ganicanalysiscapabilitiesareutilizedinthelaboratorytraining
5.1.2.3 Casework, and
program. Examples include Fourier transform infrared spec-
5.1.2.4 Court testimony.
troscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chroma-
5.1.3 Practical Skills:
tography (PGC), scanning electron microscopy-energy disper-
5.1.3.1 Practical exercises which includes analysis of refer-
sive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray fluorescence
ence materials and known samples.
(XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
5.1.4 Final Competency Evaluations:
4. Responsibilities
5.1.4.1 Written or oral tests,
4.1 Each trainee is trained by and works under the guidance 5.1.4.2 Practical laboratory tests,
of, one or more qualified forensic paint examiners. 5.1.4.3 Mock cases, and
4.1.1 Thetraineeshallmeetorexceedtheminimumtraining
5.1.4.4 Moot court or oral exam.
criteria set forth in Practice E2917 and the objectives set forth
5.1.5 Performing Supervised Casework.
in the training program.
5.2 The recommended training period is between three to
4.2 A trainer shall be technically qualified in forensic paint
six months, full time, for a forensic examiner that has been
examination and comparison or associated techniques. Other
previouslytrainedandiscompetentintheanalyticaltechniques
members of the laboratory are encouraged to offer relevant
utilized in the analysis of paint evidence. For new examiners
information regarding their specialty to the trainee. The train-
with no previous training in microscopical or instrumental
er(s) is responsible for:
techniques, the expected training period is between twelve to
4.2.1 Introducing the trainee to the relevant scientific
eighteen months.
literature, appropriate procedures, training material, and refer-
5.3 Successful completion of each milestone in the training
ence collections.
program will be recorded using the guidance set forth in
4.2.2 Discussing readings and theory with the trainee.
Practice E2917.
4.2.3 Teaching basic microscopy and instrumental methods
for the analysis and comparison of paint evidence.
6. Paint Analysis Training Program Objectives
4.2.4 Teaching case management.
4.2.5 Fostering ethical professional conduct. 6.1 Encountering Paint Evidence:
E3234 − 20
6.1.1 Thissectionintroducesthetraineetothetypesofcases 6.3.1.1 Thesignificanceofoils,driers,solvents,plasticizers,
and the various conditions in which paints are encountered as resinous vehicles, extenders, and pigments in the formation of
physical evidence. paint films, examples of materials used in each of these
6.1.2 Types of paints which could be encountered as evi- components, and the differences between a liquid paint and a
dence include automotive paint, other vehicle paint (for dried paint film in terms of each of these components.
example, motorcycle, aircraft, marine, trains, bicycle.), archi- 6.3.1.2 The manner in which latex, thermoplastic and ther-
tectural paint, maintenance paint, spray paint, and other spe- mosetting paint films are formed.
cialty paints. 6.3.1.3 The impact of the film formation mechanism on a
6.1.3 Reading Assignments: forensic paint examination.
6.1.3.1 Ryland, “Infrared Microspectroscopy of Forensic 6.3.1.4 Various types of paint to end-use applications.
Paint Evidence,” pp. 163–170 and pp. 185–191 (1). 6.3.1.5 Additives used in latex paints.
6.1.4 Practical Exercises: 6.3.2 Reading Assignment:
6.1.4.1 Demonstrate knowledge of the types of cases and
6.3.2.1 Morgans, Outlines of Paint Technology (4).
the various conditions in which paints are encountered as 6.3.3 Practical Exercise:
physical evidence through an oral or written exercise.
6.3.3.1 Explain the uses and differences of the paint com-
6.1.5 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading
ponents listed in this section.
and research by the trainee and discussions with the trainer(s).
6.3.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading
6.1.6 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of
and research by the trainee.
the trainee’s completed exercise by the trainer.
6.3.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an oral or
written quiz.
6.2 Paint Terminology:
6.2.1 This section introduces the trainee to the following
6.4 Manufacturing Processes:
terms:
6.4.1 This section introduces the trainee to paint manufac-
6.2.1.1 Additives,
turing and application processes to include the following:
6.2.1.2 Binder (resin),
6.4.1.1 How raw materials are acquired and mixed.
6.2.1.3 Coating,
6.4.1.2 What variations could be present in raw materials.
6.2.1.4 Cross-linker,
6.4.1.3 What variations could exist in binders from different
6.2.1.5 Drier,
companies.
6.2.1.6 Drying oils,
6.4.1.4 Whatabatchofpaintisandtypicallyhowlargeitis.
6.2.1.7 Enamel,
6.4.1.5 What quality control procedures are used in the
6.2.1.8 Extender,
manufacture of paint.
6.2.1.9 Lacquer,
6.4.1.6 How paint is packaged and distributed.
6.2.1.10 Latex,
6.4.1.7 Application processes for non-motor vehicle paints
6.2.1.11 Paint,
(for example, brush, spray, powder coating, coil-coating).
6.2.1.12 Pigment,
6.4.1.8 The application process of original equipment
6.2.1.13 Plasticizer,
manufacturer (OEM) finishes to motor vehicles.
6.2.1.14 Solvent,
6.4.1.9 Processes used in repainting and repairing vehicles.
6.2.1.15 Stain,
6.4.1.10 The purposes of each motor vehicle finish layer.
6.2.1.16 Thermoplastic polymer,
6.4.1.11 Differences between OEM and repainted motor
6.2.1.17 Thermosetting polymer,
vehicle finishes.
6.2.1.18 Varnish, and
6.4.1.12 Analytical and physical testing methods used by
6.2.1.19 Vehicle.
the paint industry.
6.2.2 Reading Assignments:
6.4.2 Reading Assignments:
6.2.2.1 Lambourne, “Paint Composition andApplications –
6.4.2.1 Bentley, “Composition, Manufacture and Use of
A General Introduction” (2).
Paint” (5).
6.2.2.2 Koleske, ed., Paint and Coating Testing Manual (3).
6.4.2.2 Farkas, “The Industrial Paint-Making Process” (6).
6.2.3 Practical Exercises:
6.4.2.3 Ryer, “Alkyd Chemistry and New Technology
6.2.3.1 Define the terms listed in this section.
Trends in Coatings Resin Synthesis” (7).
6.2.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading
6.4.2.4 Ryntz, “Automotive Coatings: Current Trends for
and research by the trainee.
Coating Plastic – Part 1” (8).
6.2.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an oral or
6.4.2.5 Wright and Mehltretter, “The Prevalence of Original
written quiz.
Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Factory Repairs in Automo-
6.3 The Use and Composition of Paint: tive Paint Samples” (9).
6.3.1 This section introduces the trainee to the uses and
6.4.3 Practical Exercises:
compositions of different types of paints to include the follow-
6.4.3.1 Explainthemanufacturingandapplicationprocesses
ing:
of paint.
6.4.3.2 Visit paint manufacturing facilities when practical.
6.4.4 The method of instruction for this unit is reading by
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this standard. the trainee.
E3234 − 20
6.4.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an oral or 6.6.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by
written quiz. the trainee and practical instruction from the trainer.
6.6.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evaluation
6.5 Overview of Forensic Paint Examinations:
of the practical exercises.
6.5.1 This section introduces the trainee to the basic steps in
forensic paint examinations and how these steps are used to 6.7 Recognition, Description and Categorization of Paint:
identify the components of a paint film. 6.7.1 This section introduces the trainee to the recognition,
6.5.2 Reading Assignments: description, and categorization of paint by:
6.7.1.1 Recognizing paint utilizing microscopical tech-
6.5.2.1 Laboratory specific paint analysis procedure(s)
niques including stereomicroscopy.
6.5.2.2 Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis
6.7.1.2 Describing paint layers in terms of color, layer
(SWGMAT), “Trace Evidence Recovery Guidelines” (10).
sequence, layer thickness, gloss, and texture.
6.5.2.3 Guide E1610.
6.7.1.3 Recognizing after-market treatments, surface
6.5.2.4 Ryland, “Infrared Microscopy of Forensic Paint
defects, weathering, aging, contaminants, damage, and intra/
Evidence” (11).
interlayer features.
6.5.2.5 Ryland, et al., “Current Trends in Forensic Paint
6.7.1.4 Categorizing paint as automotive, other vehicle (for
Examination” (12).
example, motorcycle, aircraft, marine, trains, bicycle.),
6.5.2.6 Stoecklein,“ForensicAnalysisofAutomotivePaints
architectural, maintenance, spray, or other specialty types.
attheBundeskriminalamt:TheEvidentialValueofAutomotive
6.7.1.5 Categorizing automotive OEM finishes and automo-
Paints” (13).
tive repaints by their layer structures. This includes the
6.5.3 Practical Exercises—None.
recognition of spot putties, body fillers, color coordinated
6.5.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by
primers, monocoats, and tri-coat systems.
the trainee and lecture from the trainer.
6.7.1.6 Recognizing various types of pigments and extend-
6.5.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an oral or
ers (for example, metal flake, pearlescent, interference, effect,
written quiz.
hiding).
6.6 Search, Collection and Preservation Techniques for
6.7.2 Reading Assignments:
Paint Evidence:
6.7.2.1 Boudreau and Cortner, “Application of Differential
6.6.1 This section introduces the trainee to methods for
Interference Contrast Microscopy to the Examination of
locating, collecting, and preserving all types of paint evidence.
Paints” (17).
The trainee is exposed to evidence handling issues such as
6.7.2.2 Govaert and Bernard, “Discriminating Red Spray
transfer, persistence, and loss of trace evidence. Topics include
Paints by Optical Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
the following:
Spectroscopy, and X-ray Fluorescence” (18).
6.6.1.1 Therecognitionofpaintfragmentsandpaintsmears.
6.7.2.3 Hamer, “Pigment Analysis in the Forensic Exami-
6.6.1.2 The use of visual examinations and low power
nation of Paints III:AGuide to Motor Vehicle Paint Examina-
magnification.
tion by Transmitted Light Microscopy” (19).
6.6.1.3 Theuseoftheparticlepickingandscrapingmethods
6.7.2.4 Iden, “Teamwork Brings Innovative Effect Pigment
to collect loose debris.
to Light” (20).
6.6.1.4 Understanding the persistence, transfer, and loss of
6.7.2.5 Kilbourn and Marx, “Polarized Light Microscopy of
paint evidence.
Extenders in Structural Paints – Forensic Applications” (21).
6.6.1.5 Preservation techniques appropriate for various
6.7.2.6 Koleske, ed., Paint and Coating Testing Manual (3).
types of paint evidence.
6.7.2.7 McNorton, et al., “The Characterization ofAutomo-
6.6.2 Reading Assignments:
tive Body Fillers” (22).
6.6.2.1 Guide E1459.
6.7.2.8 Novinski, et al., “Employing Pearlescent Pigments
6.6.2.2 Practice E1492.
in High Performance Coatings” (23).
6.6.2.3 Guide E1610.
6.7.2.9 Orzechowski, “An Optical Microscopy Method to
6.6.2.4 Palenik, “Microscopy and Microchemistry of Physi-
Display Pigment Agglomerates in Polymer Particles” (24).
cal Evidence” (14).
6.7.2.10 Streitberger and Dossel, K., eds., Automotive
6.6.2.5 Pearson,etal.,“GlassandPaintFragmentsFoundin
Paints and Coatings (25).
Men’s Outer Clothing – Report of a Survey” (15).
6.7.2.11 Walsh, et al., “New Zealand Body Fillers: Dis-
6.6.2.6 SWGMAT, “Trace Evidence Recovery Guidelines”
crimination Using IR Spectroscopy, Visible
(10).
Microspectrophotometry, Density and SEM-EDAX” (26).
6.6.2.7 SWGMAT, “Trace Evidence Quality Assurance
6.7.3 Practical Exercise:
Guidelines” (16).
6.7.3.1 Describe and categorize a set of paint samples.
6.6.3 Practical Exercises:
Samples should consist of a variety of paint systems including
6.6.3.1 Perform collections from several paint samples to automotivepaint,othervehiclepaint(forexample,motorcycle,
includepaintfragments,paintsmearsandhighimpacttransfers
aircraft, marine, trains, bicycle.), architectural paint, mainte-
fromavarietyofmaterialsutilizingthemethodslearnedabove. nancepaint,spraypaint,andotherspecialtypaints.Automotive
6.6.3.2 Demonstrate appropriate packaging techniques for systems with color coordinated primers, tri-coat systems and a
debris collected and items of evidence. variety of effect pigments should also be included.
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6.7.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by 6.9.3.2 Prepare microscope slides of individual layers from
the trainee and practical instruction from the trainer. a paint sample.
6.7.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evaluation 6.9.3.3 Prepare thin cross-sections of several samples pro-
of the practical exercise. vided by the trainer.
6.9.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by
6.8 Color Assessments of Paint:
the trainee and practical instruction from the trainer.
6.8.1 This section introduces the trainee to the techniques
6.9.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evaluation
used in the color assessments of paint including:
of the practical exercises.
6.8.1.1 Understanding the definition of color.
6.8.1.2 Performingcolorcomparisonsusingtheunaidedeye 6.10 Microscopical Examination and Comparison:
as well as the stereomicroscope and higher powered micro- 6.10.1 This section introduces the trainee to the microscopi-
scopes. cal examination and comparison of paint including:
6.8.1.3 Understandingmetamerismandtheusageofvarious 6.10.1.1 Using stereomicroscopy and comparison micros-
light sources in the evaluation and comparison of color copy to determine whether paint samples are distinguishable
from one another.
6.8.1.4 Demonstrating knowledge of the various systems
available to assess color, measure color and perform color 6.10.1.2 Examining paint samples utilizing other micro-
comparisons of paint samples (for example, the Munsell scopical techniques which may include polarized light and
System, L*a*b* color space, and the CIE System). fluorescence microscopy.
6.8.1.5 Determining standard values for paint colors. 6.10.1.3 Recognizing the microscopical characteristics of
6.8.1.6 Demonstrating familiarity with the use of various pigments, extenders, and additives.
spectrophotometers used to measure color samples. 6.10.2 Reading Assignments:
6.8.2 Reading Assignments: 6.10.2.1 Delly, et al., Polarized Light Microscopy (33).
6.8.2.1 Cartwright, et al., “The Classification ofAutomotive 6.10.2.2 DeForest, “Foundations of Forensic Microscopy”
Paint Primers Using the Munsell Color Coordinate System –A (34).
Collaborative Study” (27). 6.10.3 Practical Exercise:
6.8.2.2 Droll, “Just What Color is That Car?” (28). 6.10.3.1 Examineandcompareseveralsamplesprovidedby
6.8.2.3 The Munsell Book of Color Glossy Collection. thetraineranddeterminewhetheranyitemswithinasetcanbe
6.8.2.4 The Munsell Book of Color Matte Collection. distinguished from the others
6.8.2.5 Thornton, “Visual Color Comparison in Forensic 6.10.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading
Science” (29). by the trainee and practical instruction from the trainer.
6.8.3 Practical Exercise: 6.10.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evalua-
6.8.3.1 Demonstratetheabilitytoutilizeavailableresources tion of the practical exercise.
(for example, Munsell System, L*a*b* color space, CIE
6.11 Microchemical Examinations:
System) to determine standard color values for a given set of
6.11.1 This section introduces the trainee to classifying
paint samples
paint binders, pigments and extenders by use of microchemical
6.8.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by
examinations to include:
the trainee and lecture from the trainer.
6.11.1.1 Using solvent tests to correctly classify an automo-
6.8.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of
tive paint layer in terms of enamel, acrylic lacquer, nitrocellu-
the practical exercise.
lose lacquer, solution lacquer, or dispersion lacquer.
6.9 Sample Preparation Techniques: 6.11.1.2 Using solvent tests to correctly classify automotive
6.9.1 This section introduces the trainee to the sample paints as OEM or repaint (if possible).
preparation techniques used in paint analysis including: 6.11.1.3 Using solvent tests to correctly classify non-
6.9.1.1 Performingmanualmanipulationofapaintfragment automotive paints in terms of enamel or lacquer.
with a scalpel or other cutting tool to expose underlying layers. 6.11.1.4 Using microchemical testing to classify pigments
6.9.1.2 Preparing samples of individual layers for transmit- and extenders.
ted and reflected light microscopical examinations. 6.11.2 Reading Assignments:
6.9.1.3 Preparing thin cross-sections of several paint frag- 6.11.2.1 Palenik,S.,“ApplyingChemicalMicroscopytothe
ments. Coatings Industry” (35).
6.9.2 Reading Assignments: 6.11.2.2 Thornton, et al., “Solubility Characterization of
6.9.2.1 Allen, “Modifications of Sample Mounting Proce- Automotive Paints” (36).
dures and Microtome Equipment for Paint Sectioning” (30). 6.11.2.3 Ryland, “Infrared Microscopy of Forensic Paint
6.9.2.2 Derrick, “Infrared Microspectroscopy in the Analy- Evidence” (11).
sis of Cultural Artifact” (31). 6.11.2.4 Beattie, et al., “The Use of Morin Staining for the
6.9.2.3 Laing, et al., “The Examination of Paint Films and Microscopic Characterization of Multilayered White Paint
Fibers as Thin Sections” (32). Flakes” (37).
6.9.3 Practical Exercises: 6.11.2.5 Linde and Stone, “Application of the LeRosen Test
6.9.3.1 Expose layers of several paint fragments using to Paint Analysis” (38).
various cutting techniques (for example, bevel (wedge), stair 6.11.2.6 Home, et al., “The Discrimination of Small Frag-
step, thin peels, and cross-sections.) ments of Household Gloss Paint Using Chemical Tests” (39).
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6.11.3 Practical Exercise: 6.13.2.3 Performing computer searches of spectral libraries,
6.11.3.1 Classifyseveralpaintsamplesusingmicrochemical if available.
6.13.2.4 Using Raman to classify and compare binders,
tests.
pigments, and extenders found in automotive, architectural,
6.11.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading
and other types of paint.
by the trainee and practical instruction from the trainer.
6.13.2.5 Understanding the strengths and limitations of the
6.11.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evalua-
tion of the practical exercise. technique.
6.13.3 Reading Assignments:
6.12 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR):
6.13.3.1 Bell, et al., “Forensic Analysis of Architectural
6.12.1 This section introduces the trainee to the classifica-
Finishes Using Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman
tion and comparison of a variety of paint binders, pigments,
Spectroscopy, Part I: The Resin Bases” (44).
extenders and additives based on their chemical composition
6.13.3.2 Bell, et al., “Forensic Analysis of Architectural
using FTIR.
Finishes Using Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman
6.12.2 Include the following points of instruction:
Spectroscopy, Part II: White Paint” (45).
6.12.2.1 Understanding the theory of FTIR analysis (unless
6.13.3.3 Buzzini and Massonnet, “AMarket Study of Green
previously authorized to use the instrument).
Spray Paints by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and
6.12.2.2 Preparing samples for analysis by FTIR.
Raman Spectrometry” (46).
6.12.2.3 Performing computer searches of spectral libraries,
6.13.3.4 Kuptsov, “Applications of Fourier Transform Ra-
if available.
man Spectroscopy in Forensic Science” (47).
6.12.2.4 Using FTIR to classify and compare binders,
6.13.3.5 Massonnet and Stoecklein, “Identification of Or-
pigments, and extenders found in automotive, architectural,
ganic Pigments in Coatings: Applications to Red Automotive
and other types of paint.
Topcoats. Part III: Raman Spectroscopy (NIR FT-Raman)”
6.12.2.5 Understanding the strengths and limitations of the
(48).
technique.
6.13.3.6 Muehlethaler, et al., “Influence of the Shaking
6.12.3 Reading Assignments:
Time on the ForensicAnalysis of FTIR and Raman Spectra of
6.12.3.1 McEwen, and Cheever, “Infrared Microscopic
Spray Paints” (49).
Analysis of Multiple Layers of Automotive Paints” (40).
6.13.3.7 Palenik, et al., Fundamentals of Forensic Pigment
6.12.3.2 Home, et al., “The Characterization ofAutomotive
Identification by Raman Microspectroscopy: A Practical Iden-
Body Fillers” (41).
tification Guide and Spectral Library for Forensic Science
6.12.3.3 Norman, et al., “The Classification of Automotive
Laboratories (50).
Paint Primers Using Infrared Spectroscopy – A Collaborative
6.13.3.8 Palenik, et al., Raman Spectroscopy of Automotive
Study,” (42).
and Architectural Paints: In situ Pigment Identification and
6.12.3.4 Ryland, “Infrared Microspectroscopy of Forensic
Evidentiary Significance (51).
Paint Evidence,” pp. 163–243 (1).
6.13.4 Practical Exercises:
6.12.3.5 Wilkinson, et al., “The Examination of Paints as
6.13.4.1 Prepare and analyze several single layer and mul-
ThinSectionsUsingVisibleMicrospectrophotometryandFou-
tiple layered structural and automotive paint samples having a
rier Transform Infrared Microscopy” (43).
variety of binder types, pigments, extenders and additives.
6.12.4 Practical Exercises:
6.13.4.2 Search several spectra against a spectral library.
6.12.4.1 Prepare and analyze several single layer and mul-
6.13.4.3 Perform component classifications for the spectra
tiple layered structural and automotive paint samples having a
of several unknown samples.
variety of binder types, pigments, extenders and additives.
6.13.5 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading
6.12.4.2 Search several spectra against a spectral library.
bythetraineeandlecturesanddemonstrationsfromthetrainer.
6.12.4.3 Perform binder, pigment, extender and additive
6.13.6 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evalua-
classifications and comparisons for the spectra of several
tion of the practical exercises.
unknown samples.
6.14 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
6.12.5 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading
(PGC and PGC/MS):
bythetraineeandlecturesanddemonstrationsfromthetrainer.
6.14.1 This section introduces the trainee to the comparison
6.12.6 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evalua-
of a variety of paint binders based on their chemical compo-
tion of the practical exercises.
sition using pyrolysis gas chromatography with flame ioniza-
6.13 Raman Spectroscopy:
tion detection (PGC) or pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass
6.13.1 This section introduces the trainee to the comparison
spectrometry (PGC/MS).
of a variety of paint components based on their chemical 6.14.2 Include the following points of instruction:
composition using Raman spectroscopy.
6.14.2.1 Understanding the theory of PGC or PGC/MS
6.13.2 Include the following points of instruction:
(unless previously authorized to use the instrument).
6.13.2.1 Understanding the theory of Raman spectroscopy 6.14.2.2 Preparing samples for analysis by PGC or PGC/
(unless previously authorized to use the instrument). MS.
6.13.2.2 Preparing samples for analysis by Raman spectros- 6.14.2.3 Performing computer searches of spectral libraries,
copy. if available.
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6.14.2.4 Using PGC or PGC/MS to classify and compare 6.16 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF):
binders and plasticizers found in automotive, architectural, and 6.16.1 This section introduces the trainee to the comparison
other types of paint.
of a variety of paints based on the elemental components using
6.14.2.5 Understanding the strengths and limitations of the XRF.
technique.
6.16.2 Include the following points of instruction:
6.14.3 Reading Assignments:
6.16.2.1 Understanding the theory of XRF (unless previ-
6.14.3.1 Burke, et al., “A Comparison of Pyrolysis Mass
ously authorized to use the instrument)
Spectrometry, Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Infrared
6.16.2.2 Preparing samples for analysis by XRF.
Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Paint Resins” (52).
6.16.2.3 Performing computer searches of spectral libraries,
6.14.3.2 Challinor, “Examination of Forensic Evidence”
if available.
(53).
6.16.2.4 Demonstrating the ability to use the technique to
6.14.3.3 McMinn, et al., “Pyrolysis Capillary Gas
compare samples based upon their elemental components.
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Automo-
6.16.2.5 Understanding the strengths and limitations of the
tive Paints” (54).
technique.
6.14.3.4 Stafford, “Forensic Capillary Gas Chromatogra-
6.16.3 Reading Assignments:
phy” (55).
6.16.3.1 Guide D5381.
6.14.3.5 Wamp
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