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ASTM E2234-09

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexedby AQL

Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexedby AQL

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words "accept", "acceptance”, “acceptable”, etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 percent or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.
Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, (8) administrative procedures. These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 6.11).
SCOPE
1.1 This standard establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL.  
1.2 This standard provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105 in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-105E is preserved in Sections 4 - 6 of this standard.  
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2009
ICS
07.020 - Mathematics
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.30 - Statistical Quality Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2234-08 - Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexedby AQL
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Replaced By
ASTM E2234-09(2013) - Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL
Effective Date
01-Apr-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2910-12(2018) - Standard Guide for Preferred Methods for Acceptance of Product
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2586-19e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM F3607-22 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing – Finished Part Properties – Maraging Steel via Powder Bed Fusion
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2696-21 - Standard Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on the Exponential Distribution
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2762-10(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Variables Indexed by AQL
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM C390-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Sampling and Acceptance of Thermal Insulation Lots
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2555-21e1 - Standard Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM F3554-22 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing – Finished Part Properties – Grade 4340 (UNS G43400) via Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion for Transportation Applications
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2936-20 - Standard Guide for Contractor Self-Assessment for U.S. Government Asset Management Systems
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2819-11(2021) - Standard Practice for Single- and Multi-Level Continuous Sampling of a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E456-13a(2022) - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2587-16(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical Process Control
Effective Date
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2234 − 09 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Practice for
Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by
1
AQL
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2234; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 acceptance quality limit (AQL), n—qualitylimitthatis
theworsttolerableprocessaveragewhenacontinuingseriesof
1.1 This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and
lots is submitted for acceptance sampling.
procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This definition supersedes that given in
asabasisforsamplingasteadystreamoflotsindexedbyAQL.
MIL-STD-105E.
1.2 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-
3.1.3 average outgoing quality (AOQ), n—the average per-
105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and
cent defective of outgoing product including all accepted lots
others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E
or batches after any defectives found in them are replaced by
in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in
acceptableunits,plusalllotsorbatcheswhicharenotaccepted
MIL-STD-105E is preserved in Sections 4-6 of this practice.
after such lots or batches have been effectively 100 %
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
inspected and all defective units replaced by acceptable units.
E1994
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4 average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), n—theAOQL
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
is the maximum of the AOQ’s for all possible incoming
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
percentages defective for the process for a given acceptance
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sampling plan. E1994
3.1.5 classification of defects, n—the enumeration of pos-
2. Referenced Documents
sible defects of the unit of product classified according to their
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
seriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3.1.6 critical defect, n—a defect that judgment and experi-
E1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and
ence indicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions
LTPD Sampling Plans
for individuals using, maintaining, or depending upon the
E2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
product, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate is
2.2 Other Standard:
likely to prevent performance of the function of a major end
MIL-STD-105E Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-
item.
3
spection by Attributes
3.1.7 defect, n—any nonconformance of the unit of product
with specified requirements.
3. Terminology
3.1.8 double sampling plan, n—a multiple sampling plan in
3.1 Definitions:
which up to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to
3.1.1 For a more extensive list of terms in E11 standards,
accept or reject a lot.
see Terminology E456.
3.1.9 inspection, n—the process of measuring, examining,
testing, or otherwise comparing the unit of product with the
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
requirements.
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.30 on Statistical
3.1.10 inspection by attributes, n—inspection whereby ei-
Quality Control.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
ther the unit of product is classified simply as defective or
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2234 – 08. DOI:
non-defective, or the number of defects in the unit of product
10.1520/E2234-09.
is counted, with respect to a given requirement or set of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
requirements.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3.1.11 inspection lot, n—a collection of units of product
the ASTM website.
3
produced under conditions that are considered uniform and
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. from which a sample is drawn and inspected.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2234 − 09
3.1.12 major defect, n—a defect, other than critical, that is 3.2.9 minor defective, n—a unit of product which contains
likely to result
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E2234–08 Designation:E2234–09
Standard Practice for
Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by
1
AQL
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2234; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1Purpose—This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using
MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL. The tabled calculations are based on the
probabilistic theory of recurrent events when a series of lots or batches are produced in a stable environment.
1.2Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1)
end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6)
maintenance operations, (7) data or records, and (8) administrative procedures.
1.2.1These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the
inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves and
Table VI or Table VII to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 4.11).
1.2.2This practice should be used to guide the user in the development of an inspection strategy that provides a cost effective
approach to attaining confidence in product compliance with contractual technical requirements. The user is warned of the assumed
risks relative to the chosen sample size and AQL.
1.2.3This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others.
It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105 in industries supported by ASTM. The practiceprovides the fundamental basis
for many existing sampling procedures currently in effect in laboratories and other facilities. As such, it provides a primary source
for other AQL standards and for specifically engineered sampling plans developed by other standards bodies and individual
facilities and appearing in various forms on the shelves of countless laboratories and operations. It replaces the AQL scheme
previously incorporated in the Related Materials Section of Volume 14.02 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
1.1 This standard establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as
a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL.
1.2 This standard provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others.
It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105 in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-105E
is preserved in Sections4-6of this standard.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and LTPD Sampling Plans Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and
LTPD Sampling Plans
E2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
2.2 Other Standard:
3
MIL-STD-105E Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.30 on Statistical Quality
Control.
Current edition approved Oct.Nov. 1, 2008.2009. Published October 2008.December 2009. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052008 as
E2234–05.E2234–08. DOI: 10.1520/E2234-089.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi
...

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Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL). It provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others and recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. This practice also establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words “accept,” “acceptance,” “acceptable,” etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 % or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.  
4.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, (8) administrative procedures. These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 6.11).
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ASTM
ASTM E2234-09(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL). It provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others and recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. This practice also establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words “accept,” “acceptance,” “acceptable,” etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 % or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.  
4.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, (8) administrative procedures. These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 6.11).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL).  
1.2 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-105E is preserved in Sections 4 – 6 of this practice.  
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E456-13a(2022)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics

ABSTRACT
This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics. A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics.  
1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Any changes in the term definition in the normative standard will be editorially changed in this standard. Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially added to this standard with an attribution to that standard.  
1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2232-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Methods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radiation Processing Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use as an Analytical Tool—Mathematical methods provide an analytical tool to be employed for many applications related to absorbed dose determinations in radiation processing. Mathematical calculations may not be used as a substitute for routine dosimetry in some applications (for example, medical device sterilization, food irradiation).  
4.2 Dose Calculation—Absorbed-dose calculations may be performed for a variety of photon/electron environments and irradiator geometries.  
4.3 Evaluate Process Effectiveness—Mathematical models may be used to evaluate the impact of changes in product composition, loading configuration, and irradiator design on dose distribution.  
4.4 Complement or Supplement to Dosimetry—Dose calculations may be used to establish a detailed understanding of dose distribution, providing a spatial resolution not obtainable through measurement. Calculations may be used to reduce the number of dosimeters required to characterize a procedure or process (for example, dose mapping).  
4.5 Alternative to Dosimetry—Dose calculations may be used when dosimetry is impractical (for example, granular materials, materials with complex geometries, material contained in a package where dosimetry is not practical or possible).  
4.6 Facility Design—Dose calculations are often used in the design of a new irradiator and can be used to help optimize dose distribution in an existing facility or radiation process. The use of modeling in irradiator design can be found in Refs (2-7).  
4.7 Validation—The validation of the model should be done through comparison with reliable and traceable dosimetric measurements. The purpose of validation is to demonstrate that the mathematical method makes reliable predictions of dose and other transport quantities. Validation compares predictions or theory to the results of an appropriate experiment. The degree of validation is commensurate with the application. Guidance is given in the documents referenced in Annex A2.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes different mathematical methods that may be used to calculate absorbed dose and criteria for their selection. Absorbed-dose calculations can determine the effectiveness of the radiation process, estimate the absorbed-dose distribution in product, or supplement or complement, or both, the measurement of absorbed dose.  
1.2 Radiation processing is an evolving field and annotated examples are provided in Annex A6 to illustrate the applications where mathematical methods have been successfully applied. While not limited by the applications cited in these examples, applications specific to neutron transport, radiation therapy and shielding design are not addressed in this document.  
1.3 This guide covers the calculation of radiation transport of electrons and photons with energies up to 25 MeV.  
1.4 The mathematical methods described include Monte Carlo, point kernel, discrete ordinate, semi-empirical and empirical methods.  
1.5 This guide is limited to the use of general purpose software packages for the calculation of the transport of charged or uncharged particles and photons, or both, from various types of sources of ionizing radiation. This standard is limited to the use of these software packages or other mathematical methods for the determination of spatial dose distributions for photons emitted following the decay of 137Cs or 60Co, for energetic electrons from particle accelerators, or for X-rays generated by electron accelerators.  
1.6 This guide assists the user in determining if mathematical methods are a useful tool. This guide may assist the user in selecting an appropriate method for calculating absorbed dose. The user must determine whether any of these mathematical methods are appropriate for the solution to their specific application and what, if any, software to apply.
Note 1: The user is urged to apply these predictive techniques while being aware of the need for experien...

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ASTM
ASTM D6026-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Their adoption should generally be used to calculate and record data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.  
5.2 While this practice originated when most geotechnical data were manually collected and recorded on data forms, tables, or into computers, the use of digital acquisition, calculations, and reporting of data has become more common. When calculators and computers are used for data collection, the significant digits may not meet the requirements specified in this standard. Nevertheless, their use shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this practice.  
5.3 The guidelines presented herein should not be interpreted as absolute rules but as guides to calculate and report observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the precision of the values.  
5.3.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or the number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results) or both. This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data.  
1.2 The guidelines presented are industry standard and are representative of the significant digits that should be retained in general. The guidelines do not consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.  
1.3 It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators and computers, see 6.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 6.2) is in accordance with Practice E29, ASTM Manual 7, or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
Note 1: Calculators and computers often present and use many digits in their output and calculations, which may not all be significant. It is the responsibility of the programmer and user to make sure that the measured and calculated values are handled, interpreted and reported properly using these guidelines.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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