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ASTM E2148-06

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety

Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2006
ICS
13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
Technical Committee
E34 - Occupational Health and Safety
Drafting Committee
E34.50 - Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2148-03 - Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
Effective Date
01-Oct-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E2148-11 - Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1497-23 - Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
Effective Date
01-Oct-2006
Referred By
ASTM F86-21 - Standard Practice for Surface Preparation and Marking of Metallic Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-Oct-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2693-19 - Standard Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Effective Date
01-Oct-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1687-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
Effective Date
01-Oct-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2889-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Effective Date
01-Oct-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2523-13(2018) - Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
Effective Date
01-Oct-2006

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ASTM E2148-06 - Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyASTM E2148-06 - Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
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ASTM E2148-06 - Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E2148–06
Standard Guide for
Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal
1
Removal Fluid Health and Safety
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope tion in Water Miscible Metal Working Fluids
2.2 Other Documents:
1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents
Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: A
relatedtohealthandsafetyofmetalworkingandmetalremoval
Guide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal
fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient
4
Fluids
background information to effectively use the documents listed
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-
in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped
5
sure to Metalworking Fluids
as applicable to producers, to users or to all.
Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6
Manual
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
3.1.1 endotoxins, n—lipopolysaccharides derived from the
2. Referenced Documents outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria.
2
3.1.2 metal removal fluids, n—the subset of metalworking
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
the finished part.
Workplace Atmospheres
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluids addressed by this
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
dilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils, semisyn-
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
thetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted with
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
water before use. Metal removal fluids become contaminated
E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential
during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace
of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
substances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved
Wet Metal Removal Environment
metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of
decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause
Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metal
Atmospheres
removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
the health and welfare of employees in contact with the
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
contaminated metal removal fluid.
E2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-
1 3
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
HealthandSafetyandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE34.50onHealth on www.astm.org.
4
and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. Available from Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 1910 Sunderland
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originally Place, NW, Washington DC 20036 or at http://www.orc-dc.com
5
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2148 - 03. DOI: Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
10.1520/E2148-06. Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
6
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on ConstitutionAvenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/
the ASTM website. metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2148–06
3.1.3 mutagenicity index, n—the slop
...

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ASTM E2148-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.  
4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties such as non-governmental organizations.  
4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may each want to focus on certain documents which are directly applicable to them:  
4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:  
4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids:  
4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella  mutagenesis assay of Ames et al.7 (see also Maron et al.).8 It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.
4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in the formulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.  
4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids:  
4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.
4.4.2.2 Application of Guide E1302 will provide information on the acute toxicity ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E2565-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Consensus-Based Process for an Occupational Safety and Health Standard That Includes an Occupational Exposure Guideline

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5.1 This guide is designed to help identify and integrate affected stakeholder interests and to include relevant scientific and technical information when developing occupational safety and health standards that include or are proposed to include an OEG.  
5.2 This guide shall be used when updating an occupational safety and health standard containing an OEG.  
5.3 While use of the CBSD process is required for occupational safety and health standards that include an OEG, it may also be used to improve stakeholder involvement and technical input for other occupational safety and health standards.  
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(2) To obtain adequate input when the project requires review and analysis of information that is highly technical, very specialized, or not widely available.
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1.1 This guide presents a framework for a stakeholder-focused, consensus-based decision-making process for occupational safety and health standard development activities that include adoption or development of occupational exposure guidelines (OEGs) as a part of occupational health and safety standards.  
1.2 This guide applies to safety and health standard development activities in which an occupational exposure guideline will be included as one element of a comprehensive standard that addresses safety and health management strategies such as communication, monitoring, and controls. It is not meant to be used to develop an OEG apart from the context of such management strategies. In cases where other occupational exposure limit (OEL) establishing bodies have developed OELs, those may be reviewed, assimilated, or adapted rather than recreated ab initio.  
1.3 This guide does not replace existing consensus-based decision-making or committee participation processes that are used to develop safety and health standards. It is intended to be used in conjunction with such processes to improve scientific and technical input and stakeholder involvement in occupational safety and health decision-making for such standards.  
1.4 Limitations—This guide does not prescribe specific methods for generating or evaluating scientific and technical data related to assessing a particular occupational safety and health issue. Occupational safety and health standards apply to a wide variety of substances and occupational exposure circumstances. It is not possible to anticipate all situations where an OEG may be useful for a standard. This guide will be helpful in promoting appropriate balance and input, but the consensus process must deal with real-world complexities that individual standards may involve.  
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ASTM E1542-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety

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1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of consensus definitions of terms used in ASTM occupational safety and health standards.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E2693-19(Practice)
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5.1 Use of this practice is intended to reduce occupational dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.  
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4.1 This guide is intended to define work-related injuries and illnesses in a way that can be easily understood and measured across countries. These injuries and illnesses can be used to evaluate, compare, and continually improve management systems and programs related to worker safety and health. Although several levels of severity may be defined, the primary objective is to identify cases with meaningful connection to work and cases with such potential consequence that they have value for prevention purposes. The resultant data and incidence rates should improve global benchmarking consistency.  
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5.1 This guide is intended to provide a systematic approach for the application and execution of early actions for purposes of remediating both hazardous and non-hazardous contamination. Iterative development of a CSM is fundamental to the use of this guide.  
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1.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist practitioners in the development, selection, design, and implementation of interim, short-term, or early action remedies undertaken at sites of waste contamination for the purpose of managing, controlling, or reducing risk posed by environmental site contamination. Early action remedies and strategies are applicable to the management of other regulatory processes (for example, state underground storage tank (UST) programs are equally applicable) in addition to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)/National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contigency Plan (NCP) process. This guide identifies and describes a standard process, technical requirements, information needs, benefits, and strategy for early actions.  
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1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
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5.1 The term appearance (see 3.2.1) implies the essential presence of human visual observations. The results of visual observation involve not only the step of observing, accomplished by the eye, but also the inseparable step of interpretation in the brain. Instrumental test methods currently cannot duplicate this second step, and therefore can now only approximate, but not fully measure, appearance. Such instrumental measures of appearance properties are useful only to the extent that they can be correlated to the results of visual observations by observers of the appearance phenomena being evaluated.  
5.2 Almost invariably, too little attention has been paid to ensuring that the essential visual observations have been properly obtained to provide the basis for correlating visual and instrumental test results.  
5.3 This guide provides the means for assessing observers, by outlining the requirements and tests for their selection, evaluation, and training. This guide should be useful to all experimenters designing or using visual test methods to provide either direct results in terms of the observation of appearance properties, or the experiments correlating such results with instrumental measures approximating the same appearance properties. The user is cautioned to avoid the substitution of validated vision tests with replicas of any kind, either printed, photographed or digitally displayed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes criteria and tests for selecting, evaluating, and training human visual-sensory observers for tasks involving the perception and scaling of properties and phenomena relating to appearance.  
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4.1 This guide includes chromates that are not readily soluble in water and that have water solubilities (Chromate ION) within the range of the more soluble calcium chromate and the much less soluble lead chromate. The major occupations involving potential exposure to insoluble chromates are in roasting of chromite ore, the manufacture of chromate pigments, the manufacture of coatings containing chromate pigments, and spray painting with these coatings. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that trivalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic.
SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D22

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5.1 The objective of this standard is to provide guidelines to Committee D22 for the evaluation of the precision and bias, or both, of ASTM standard methods and practices at the time of their development. Such an evaluation is necessary to assure that a cross section of interested laboratories could perform the test and achieve satisfactory results, using the method as written. It also provides guidance to the user as to what levels of precision and accuracy may be expected in such usage.  
5.2 The write-up of the method describes the media for which the test method is believed to be appropriate. The collaborative test corroborates the write-up within the limitations of the test design. A collaborative test can only use representative media so that universal applicability cannot be implied from the results.  
5.3 The fundamental assumption of the collaborative test is that the media tested, the concentrations used, and the participating laboratories are representative and provide a fair evaluation of the scope and applicability of the test method as written.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to task groups of Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres in planning and conducting collaborative testing of candidate methods.  
1.2 It is intended for use with other ASTM practices for the determination of precision and bias.  
1.3 It is applicable to most manual and automated methods and to most components of monitoring systems. It is recognized that the evaluation of monitoring systems may provide special problems. Practice D3249 should be considered for general guidance in this respect.  
1.4 It is directly applicable to chemical methods and in principle to most physical methods, sampling methods, and calibration procedures.  
1.5 The processes described are for the general validation of methods of test. A user has the obligation and responsibility to validate any method it uses for a specific application and to demonstrate its own competence in the use of validated methods.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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