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ASTM E1295-22

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia

Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with <emph type="ital">Ceriodaphnia dubia</emph>

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ceriodaphnia  was first used as a toxicity test organism by Mount and Norberg (2). Introduced for use in effluent and ambient water evaluations, Ceriodaphnia have also been a valuable addition to single chemical test procedures.  
5.2 Protection of a population requires prevention of unacceptable effects on the number, weight, health, and uses of the individuals of that species, or species for which the test species serves as a surrogate. A three-brood toxicity test is conducted to help determine changes in survival and the number of neonates produced that result from exposure to the test material.  
5.3 Results of three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia might be used to predict chronic or partial chronic effects on species in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions.  
5.4 Results of three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia might be compared with the chronic sensitivities of different species and the chronic toxicities of different materials, and to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.  
5.5 Results of three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia might be useful for predicting the results of chronic tests on the same test material with the same species in another water or with another species in the same or a different water. Most such predictions are based on the results of acute toxicity tests, and so the usefulness of the results of a three-brood toxicity test with C. dubia might be greatly increased by also reporting the results of an acute toxicity test (see Guides E729 and E1192) conducted under the same conditions. In addition to conducting an acute test with unfed C. dubia, it might also be desirable to conduct an acute test in which the organisms are fed the same as in the three-brood test, to see if the presence of that concentration of that food affects the results of the acute test and the acute chronic ratio (see 10.4.1).  
5.5.1 A 48 or 96-h EC50 or LC50 can sometimes be obtaine...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining data concerning the adverse effects of an effluent or a test material (added to dilution water, but not to food) on Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard 1894, during continuous exposure throughout a portion of the organism's life. These procedures should also be useful for conducting life cycle toxicity tests with other Cladocera (Guide E1193), although modifications will be necessary.  
1.2 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures, that can be measured accurately at the necessary concentrations in water. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, dissolved ions, and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments (see also Guide E1706), and surface waters. Renewal tests might not be applicable to materials that have high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed, or sorb to test chambers. If the concentration of dissolved oxygen falls below 4 mg/L or the concentration of test material decreases by more than 20 % in test solution(s) at any concentration between renewals, more frequent renewals might be necessary.  
1.3 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparisons of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information on new concepts and procedures for conducting three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia.  
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Guide  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus ...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2021
ICS
07.100.20 - Microbiology of water
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.47 - Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
Current Stage
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ASTM E1295-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with <emph type="ital">Ceriodaphnia dubia</emph>ASTM E1295-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with <emph type="ital">Ceriodaphnia dubia</emph>
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REDLINE ASTM E1295-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with <emph type="ital">Ceriodaphnia dubia</emph>REDLINE ASTM E1295-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with <emph type="ital">Ceriodaphnia dubia</emph>
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1295 − 22
Standard Guide for
Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with
1
Ceriodaphnia dubia
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1295; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Section
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining data
Referenced Documents 2
concerning the adverse effects of an effluent or a test material Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
(added to dilution water, but not to food) on Ceriodaphnia
Significance and Use 5
dubia Richard 1894, during continuous exposure throughout a
Apparatus 6
portionoftheorganism’slife.Theseproceduresshouldalsobe Facilities 6.1
Construction Materials 6.2
useful for conducting life cycle toxicity tests with other
Test Chambers 6.3
Cladocera (Guide E1193), although modifications will be
Cleaning 6.4
Reagents and Materials 7
necessary.
Hazards 8
1.2 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals,
Dilution Water 9
Requirements 9.1
either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or
Source 9.2
known mixtures, that can be measured accurately at the
Treatment 9.3
necessary concentrations in water. With appropriate modifica- Characterization 9.4
Test Material 10
tions these procedures can be used to conduct tests on
General 10.1
temperature,dissolvedoxygen,pH,dissolvedions,andonsuch
Stock Solution 10.2
materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192),
Effluent 10.3
Test Concentration(s) 10.4
leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments (see also Guide
Collection 10.5
E1706), and surface waters. Renewal tests might not be
Sample Containers 10.6
applicable to materials that have high oxygen demand, are
Preservation 10.7
Treatment 10.8
highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically
Test Organisms 11
transformed, or sorb to test chambers. If the concentration of
Species 11.1
dissolved oxygen falls below 4 mg/L or the concentration of Age 11.2
Source 11.3
test material decreases by more than 20% in test solution(s) at
Brood Stock 11.4
any concentration between renewals, more frequent renewals
Food 11.5
might be necessary. Handling 11.6
Quality 11.7
1.3 Other modifications of these procedures might be justi-
Procedure 12
Demonstration of Feasibility 12.1
fied by special needs or circumstances. Results of tests con-
Experimental Design 12.2
ducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be compa-
Dissolved Oxygen 12.3
rable to results of many other tests. Comparisons of results
Temperature 12.4
Preparing Test Solutions 12.5
obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these
Conditioning Test Chambers 12.6
procedures might provide useful information on new concepts
Beginning a Test 12.7
and procedures for conducting three-brood toxicity tests with
Renewing Test Solutions 12.8
Duration of Test 12.9
C. dubia.
Biological Data 12.10
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows: Other Measurements 12.11
Test Material 12.12
Analytical Methodology 13
Acceptability of Test 14
1
Calculation 15
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Report 16
Assessment,RiskManagementandCorrectiveActionandisthedirectresponsibility
Appendixes
of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Food Appendix X1
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally
Culture Techniques Appendix X2
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1295–01(2013).
Test Chambers Appendix X3
DOI: 10.1520/E1295-22.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1295 − 22
rarelyaseriousmatter,violationofseveralwilloftenrenderthe
Statistical Guidance Appendix X4
results questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is often
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
desirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in connection
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
with less important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus the classic
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
distinctionbetween“may”and“can”ispreserved,and“might”
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1295 − 01 (Reapproved 2013) E1295 − 22
Standard Guide for
Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with
1
Ceriodaphnia dubia
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1295; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining data concerning the adverse effects of an effluent or a test material (added to
dilution water, but not to food) on Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard 1894, during continuous exposure throughout a portion of the
organism’s life. These procedures should also be useful for conducting life cycle toxicity tests with other Cladocera (Guide E1193),
although modifications will be necessary.
1.2 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known
mixtures, that can be measured accurately at the necessary concentrations in water. With appropriate modifications these
procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, dissolved ions, and on such materials as aqueous
effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments (see also Guide E1383E1706), and surface waters.
Renewal tests might not be applicable to materials that have high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or
chemically transformed, or sorb to test chambers. If the concentration of dissolved oxygen falls below 4 mg/L or the concentration
of test material decreases by more than 20 % in test solution(s) at any concentration between renewals, more frequent renewals
might be necessary.
1.3 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Results of tests conducted using
unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparisons of results obtained using modified
and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information on new concepts and procedures for conducting
three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia.
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:
Section
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
Significance and Use 5
Apparatus 6
Facilities 6.1
Construction Materials 6.2
Test Chambers 6.3
Cleaning 6.4
Reagents and Materials 7
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Actionand is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Current edition approved March 1, 2013Jan. 1, 2022. Published March 2013April 2022. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20062013 as
E1295 – 01(2006).(2013). DOI: 10.1520/E1295-01R13.10.1520/E1295-22.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1295 − 22
Hazards 8
Dilution Water 9
Requirements 9.1
Source 9.2
Treatment 9.3
Characterization 9.4
Test Material 10
General 10.1
Stock Solution 10.2
Effluent 10.3
Test Concentration(s) 10.4
Collection 10.5
Sample Containers 10.6
Preservation 10.7
Treatment 10.8
Test Organisms 11
Species 11.1
Age 11.2
Source 11.3
Brood Stock 11.4
Food 11.5
Handling 11.6
Quality 11.7
Procedure 12
Demonstration of Feasibility 12.1
Experimental Design 12.2
Dissolved Oxygen 12.3
Temperature 12.4
Preparing Test Solutions 12.5
Conditioning Test Chambers 12.6
Beginning a Test 12.7
Renewing Test Solutions 12.8
Duration of Test 12.9
Biological Data 12.10
Other Measurements 12.11
Test Material 12.12
Analytical Methodology 13
Acceptability of Test 14
Calculation 15
Report 16
Appendixes
Food Appendix X1
Culture Techniques Appendix X2
Test Chambers Appendix X3
Statistical Guidance Appendix X4
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.
1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance wit
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the acute effects of a test material on embryos and the resulting larvae of four species of saltwater bivalve molluscs (Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg; eastern oyster,  Crassostrea virginica Gmelin; quahog or hard clam,  Mercenaria mercenaria Linnaeus; and the mussel species complex (Mytilus spp.) including the blue mussel,  Mytilus edulis Linnaeus; the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark; and the Northern Bay Mussel, Mytilus trossulus Gould) during static 48-h exposures. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting static short-term chronic toxicity tests starting with embryos of other bivalve species (1)2 although modifications might be necessary.  
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using procedures appropriate to a particular species or special needs and circumstances is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted by using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained by using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting 48-h acute tests starting with embryos of bivalve molluscs.  
1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct acute tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. Renewal tests might be preferable to static tests for materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed...

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ASTM
ASTM E1193-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Daphnia magna Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Protection of an aquatic species requires prevention of unacceptable effects on populations in natural habitats. Toxicity tests are conducted to provide data that may be used to predict what changes in numbers and weights of individuals might result from similar exposure to the test material in the natural aquatic environment. Information might also be obtained on the effects of the material on the health of the species.  
5.2 Results of life-cycle tests with D. magna are used to predict chronic effects likely to occur on daphnids in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions.  
5.2.1 Life-cycle tests with D. magna are used to compare the chronic sensitivities of different species, the chronic toxicities of different materials, and study the effects of various environmental factors on the results of such tests.  
5.2.2 Life-cycle tests with D. magna are used to assess the risk of materials to aquatic organisms (see Guide E1023) or derive water quality criteria for aquatic organisms (1).3  
5.2.3 Life-cycle tests with D. magna are used to extrapolate the results of chronic toxicity tests on the same test material with the same species in another water or with another species in the same or a different water. Most such predictions take into account the results of acute toxicity tests, and so the usefulness of the results of a life-cycle test with D. magna may be increased by reporting the results of an acute toxicity test (see Guide E729) conducted under the same conditions. In addition to conducting an acute toxicity test with unfed D. magna, it may be relevant to conduct an acute test in which the daphnids are fed the same as in the life-cycle test to see if the presence of that concentration of that food affects the results of the acute test and the acute-chronic ratio (ACR) (see 10.3.1).  
5.2.4 Life-cycle tests are used to evaluate the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials and t...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a test material (added to dilution water, but not to food) on Daphnia magna Straus, 1820, during continuous exposure throughout a life-cycle using the renewal or flow-through techniques. These procedures also should be useful for conducting life-cycle toxicity tests with other invertebrate species and cladocerans from the same genus (for example, Daphnia pulex), although modifications might be necessary.  
1.2 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and on such materials as aqueous effluents (also see Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. The technique, (renewal or flow-through), will be selected based on the chemical characteristics of the test material such as high oxygen demand, volatility, susceptibility to transformation (biologically or chemically), or sorption to glass.  
1.3 Modification of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of standard test procedures. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information on new concepts and procedures for conducting life-cycle toxicity tests with D. magna. Appendix X3 provides modifications for conducting the chronic toxicity test method with D. pulex Leydig, 1860.  
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Guide  
4  
Si...

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ASTM
ASTM E1706-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals can accumulate in sediment, which can in turn serve as a source of exposure for organisms living on or in sediment. Contaminated sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of contaminants for bioaccumulation in the food chain.  
5.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests. Sediment tests can be used to: (1) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, (2) investigate interactions among chemicals, (3) compare the sensitivities of different organisms, (4) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, (5) evaluate hazards of dredged material, (6) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing, (7) rank areas for clean up, and (8) estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practices.  
5.3 Results of toxicity tests on sediments spiked at different concentrations of chemicals can be used to establish cause and effect relationships between chemicals and biological responses. Results of toxicity tests with test materials spiked into sediments at different concentrations may be reported in terms of a LC50 (median lethal concentration), an EC50 (median effect concentration), an IC50 (inhibition concentration), or as a NOEC (no observed effect concentration) or LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration). However, spiked sediment may not be representative of chemicals a...
SCOPE
1.1 Relevance of Sediment Contamination—Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, both organic and inorganic chemicals may accumulate in sediment, which can in turn serve as a source of exposure for organisms living on or in sediment. Contaminated sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of contaminants for bioaccumulation in the food chain.  
1.2 Sediment Assessment Tools—Several types of information may be useful in assessing the risk, or potential risk, posed by sediment contaminants, including: (1) chemical analysis of sediment contaminants; (2) sediment toxicity tests, (3) bioaccumulation tests; and (4) surveys of benthic community structure. Each of these provides a different type of information to the assessment, and integrating information from all four lines of evidence may often provide the most robust assessments.  
1.3 Strengths of Toxicity Testing of Contaminated Sediments—Directly assessing the toxicity of contaminated sediments provides some of the same advantages to sediment assessment that whole effluent toxicity testing provides to management of industrial and municipal effluents. As for effluent tests, direct testing of sediment toxicity allows the assessment of biological effects even if: (1) the identities of toxic chemicals present are not (or not completely) known; (2) the influence of site-specific characteristics of sediments on toxicity (bioavailability) is not understood; and (3) the interactive or aggregate effects of mixtures of chemicals present are not known or cannot be adequately predicted. In addition, testing the response of benthic or epibenthic organisms exposed via sediment provides an assessment that is based on the same routes of exposure that would exist in nature, rather than only through water column expos...

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ASTM
ASTM D8516-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantification of Culturable Waterborne Bacteria Using a Defined Culture Medium Coated Plate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This plate format is useful for the routine monitoring of culturable, waterborne bacteria in potable and non-potable waters. The significance of finding these bacteria can help with identifying water quality or water system problems or evaluate compliance with maintenance protocols. This test method uses small volumes of water, or dilutions thereof, and provides an easy and reliable method that eliminates media preparation and reduces laboratory waste.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a simple procedure for the quantification of culturable, waterborne bacteria in potable water (drinking water, bottled water, and dental water, for example) and non-potable waters (cooling towers, for example).  
1.1.1 The EasyDisc2, 3 plate format is designed to test 1 mL of a water sample on a 47 mm gridded plate containing a growth reagent embedded to the plate’s inner surface.  
1.1.2 Detection is based on colorimetric technology in which viable, aerobic, heterotrophic, waterborne bacteria grow when present in the water sample, displaying a color reaction which allows for a simplified visualization of colony growth.  
1.2 Each plate can accurately detect up to 300 colony forming units per 1 mL (CFU/1 mL) of sample. To increase the quantification range, a sample dilution can be used. Adjust the CFU/mL result to reflect dilutions.  
1.3 This test method can be used for potable (for example, drinking, bottled, and dental) waters and non-potable waters such as cooling tower waters. It is the user’s responsibility to adhere to all requirements by local regulations and ensure the validity of this test method for waters other than those tested as part of the Interlaboratory Study (ILS).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1023-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Adverse effects on natural populations of aquatic organisms and their uses have demonstrated the need to assess the hazards of many new, and some presently used, materials. The process described herein will help producers, users, regulatory agencies, and others to efficiently and adequately compare alternative materials, completely assess a final candidate material, or reassess the hazard of a material already in use.  
5.2 Sequential assessment and feedback allow appropriate judgments concerning efficient use of resources, thereby minimizing unnecessary testing and focusing effort on the information most pertinent to each material. For different materials and situations, assessment of hazard will appropriately be based on substantially different amounts and kinds of biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological data.  
5.3 Assessment of the hazard of a material to aquatic organisms and their uses should never be considered complete for all time. Reassessment should be considered if the amount of production, use, or disposal increases, new uses are discovered, or new information on biological, chemical, physical, or toxicological properties becomes available. Periodic review will help assure that new circumstances and information receive prompt appropriate attention.  
5.4 If there is substantial transformation to another material, the hazard of both materials may need to be assessed.  
5.5 In many cases, consideration of adverse effects should not end with completion of the hazard assessment. Additional steps should often include risk assessment, decisions concerning acceptability of identified hazards and risks, and mitigative actions.  
5.6 Because this practice deals mostly with adverse effects on aquatic organisms and their uses, it is important that mitigative actions, such as improved treatment of aqueous effluents, not result in unacceptable effects on non-aquatic organisms. Thus, this standard should be used with other information in order to a...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes a stepwise process for using information concerning the biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological properties of a material to identify adverse effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms and their uses as a result of release of the material to the environment. The material will usually be a specific chemical, although it might be a group of chemicals that have very similar biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological properties and are usually produced, used, and discarded together.  
1.2 The hazard assessment process is complex and requires decisions at a number of points; thus, the validity of a hazard assessment depends on the soundness of those decisions, as well as the accuracy of the information used. All decisions should be based on reasonable worst-case analyses so that an appropriate assessment can be completed for the least cost that is consistent with scientific validity.  
1.3 This guide assumes that the reader is knowledgeable in aquatic toxicology and related pertinent areas. A list of general references is provided (1).2  
1.4 This guide does not describe or reference detailed procedures for estimating or measuring environmental concentrations, or procedures for determining the maximum concentration of test material that is acceptable in the food of predators of aquatic life. However, this guide does describe how such information should be used when assessing the hazard of a material to aquatic organisms and their uses.  
1.5 Because assessment of hazard to aquatic organisms and their uses is a relatively new activity within aquatic toxicology, most of the guidance provided herein is qualitative rather than quantitative. When possible, confidence limits should be calculated and taken into account.  
1.6 This guide provides guidance for assessing hazard but does not provide guidance on how to take into account social considerations in order to judge the acceptabil...

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ASTM
ASTM E2783-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity for Water Miscible Compounds Using a Time-Kill Procedure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This procedure may be used to assess the in vitro reduction of a microbial population of test organisms after exposure to a test material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the changes of a population of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms within a specific sampling time when tested against antimicrobial test materials in vitro. The organisms used are standardized as to growth requirements and inoculum preparation and must grow under the conditions of the test. The primary purpose of this test method is to provide a set of standardized conditions and test organisms to facilitate comparative assessments of antimicrobial materials miscible in aqueous systems.  
1.2 This test method allows the option of using a test sample size of 10 mL or 100 mL.  
1.3 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for this procedure.  
1.4 Aseptic technique should be practiced at all times.  
1.5 In this test method, SI units are used for all applications, except for distance in which case inches are used and SI units follow in parentheses.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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