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ASTM D6839-21a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of spark-ignition engine fuel composition is useful for regulatory compliance, process control, and quality assurance.  
5.2 The quantitative determination of olefins and other hydrocarbon types in spark-ignition engine fuels is required to comply with government regulations.  
5.3 This test method is not applicable to M85 fuels, which contain 85 % methanol.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of saturates, olefins, aromatics, and oxygenates in spark-ignition engine fuels by multidimensional gas chromatography. Each hydrocarbon type can be reported either by carbon number (see Note 1) or as a total.
Note 1: There can be an overlap between the C9 and C10 aromatics; however, the total is accurate. Isopropyl benzene is resolved from the C8 aromatics and is included with the other C9 aromatics.  
1.2 This test method is not intended to determine individual hydrocarbon components except benzene and toluene.  
1.3 This test method is divided into two parts, Part A and Part B.  
1.3.1 Part A is applicable to the concentration ranges for which precision (Table 10 and Table 11) has been obtained:    
Property  
Units  
Applicable range  
Total aromatics  
Volume %  
19.32 to 46.29  
Total saturates  
Volume %  
26.85 to 79.31  
Total olefins  
Volume %  
0.40 to 26.85  
Oxygenates  
Volume %  
0.61 to 9.85  
Oxygen Content  
Mass %  
2.01 to 12.32  
Benzene  
Volume %  
0.38 to 1.98  
Toluene  
Volume %  
5.85 to 31.65  
Methanol  
Volume %  
1.05 to 16.96  
Ethanol  
Volume %  
0.50 to 17.86  
MTBE  
Volume %  
0.99 to 15.70  
ETBE  
Volume %  
0.99 to 15.49  
TAME  
Volume %  
0.99 to 5.92  
TAEE  
Volume %  
0.98 to 15.59
1.3.1.1 This test method is specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates, but it also applies to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such as naphthas and reformates.  
1.3.2 Part B describes the procedure for the analysis of oxygenated groups (ethanol, methanol, ethers, C3 to C5 alcohols) in ethanol fuels containing an ethanol volume fraction between 50 % and 85 % (17 % to 29 % oxygen). The gasoline is diluted with an oxygenate-free component to lower the ethanol content to a value below 20 % before the analysis by GC. The diluting solvent should not be considered in the integration, this makes it possible to report the results of the undiluted sample after normalization to 100 %.  
1.4 Oxygenates as specified in Test Method D4815 have been verified not to interfere with hydrocarbons. Within the round robin sample set, the following oxygenates have been tested: MTBE, ethanol, ETBE, TAME, iso-propanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol and methanol. Applicability of this test method has also been verified for the determination of n-propanol, acetone, and di-isopropyl ether (DIPE). However, no precision data have been determined for these compounds.  
1.4.1 Other oxygenates can be determined and quantified using Test Method D4815 or D5599.  
1.5 The method is harmonized with ISO 22854.  
1.6 This test method includes a relative bias section for U.S. EPA spark-ignition engine fuel regulations for total olefins reporting based on Practice D6708 accuracy assessment between Test Method D6839 and Test Method D1319 as a possible Test Method D6839 alternative to Test Method D1319. The Practice D6708 derived correlation equation is only applicable for fuels in the total olefins concentration range from 0.2 % to 18.2 % by volume as measured by Test Method D6839. The applicable Test Method D1319 range for total olefins is from 0.6 % to 20.6 % by volume as reported by Test Method D1319.  
1.7 This test method includes a relative bias section for reporting benzene based on Practice D6708 accuracy assessment between Test Method D6839 and Test Method D3606 (Procedure B) as a possible Test Method D6839 alternativ...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2021
ICS
71.040.40 - Chemical analysis
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0L - Gas Chromatography Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D6839-21a - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas ChromatographyASTM D6839-21a - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
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ASTM D6839-21a - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
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REDLINE ASTM D6839-21a - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas ChromatographyREDLINE ASTM D6839-21a - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
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REDLINE ASTM D6839-21a - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6839 − 21a
Standard Test Method for
Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and
Toluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional
1
Gas Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6839; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* is diluted with an oxygenate-free component to lower the
ethanol content to a value below 20 % before the analysis by
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination
GC. The diluting solvent should not be considered in the
of saturates, olefins, aromatics, and oxygenates in spark-
integration, this makes it possible to report the results of the
ignitionenginefuelsbymultidimensionalgaschromatography.
undiluted sample after normalization to 100 %.
Each hydrocarbon type can be reported either by carbon
number (see Note 1) or as a total.
1.4 Oxygenates as specified in Test Method D4815 have
NOTE 1—There can be an overlap between the C and C aromatics;
9 10
been verified not to interfere with hydrocarbons. Within the
however, the total is accurate. Isopropyl benzene is resolved from the C
8
round robin sample set, the following oxygenates have been
aromatics and is included with the other C aromatics.
9
tested: MTBE, ethanol, ETBE, TAME, iso-propanol,
1.2 This test method is not intended to determine individual
isobutanol, tert-butanol and methanol.Applicability of this test
hydrocarbon components except benzene and toluene.
method has also been verified for the determination of
1.3 This test method is divided into two parts, Part A and n-propanol, acetone, and di-isopropyl ether (DIPE). However,
no precision data have been determined for these compounds.
Part B.
1.3.1 Part A is applicable to the concentration ranges for
1.4.1 Other oxygenates can be determined and quantified
which precision (Table 10 and Table 11) has been obtained:
using Test Method D4815 or D5599.
Property Units Applicable range
1.5 The method is harmonized with ISO 22854.
Total aromatics Volume % 19.32 to 46.29
Total saturates Volume % 26.85 to 79.31
1.6 ThistestmethodincludesarelativebiassectionforU.S.
Total olefins Volume % 0.40 to 26.85
EPA spark-ignition engine fuel regulations for total olefins
Oxygenates Volume % 0.61 to 9.85
Oxygen Content Mass % 2.01 to 12.32
reporting based on Practice D6708 accuracy assessment be-
Benzene Volume % 0.38 to 1.98
tween Test Method D6839 and Test Method D1319 as a
Toluene Volume % 5.85 to 31.65
possible Test Method D6839 alternative to Test Method
Methanol Volume % 1.05 to 16.96
Ethanol Volume % 0.50 to 17.86
D1319. The Practice D6708 derived correlation equation is
MTBE Volume % 0.99 to 15.70
onlyapplicableforfuelsinthetotalolefinsconcentrationrange
ETBE Volume % 0.99 to 15.49
from 0.2 % to 18.2 % by volume as measured by Test Method
TAME Volume % 0.99 to 5.92
TAEE Volume % 0.98 to 15.59
D6839. The applicable Test Method D1319 range for total
olefins is from 0.6 % to 20.6 % by volume as reported by Test
1.3.1.1 This test method is specifically developed for the
Method D1319.
analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains
oxygenates, but it also applies to other hydrocarbon streams
1.7 This test method includes a relative bias section for
havingsimilarboilingranges,suchasnaphthasandreformates.
reporting benzene based on Practice D6708 accuracy assess-
1.3.2 Part B describes the procedure for the analysis of
ment between Test Method D6839 and Test Method D3606
oxygenated groups (ethanol, methanol, ethers, C to C alco-
3 5
(Procedure B) as a possible Test Method D6839 alternative to
hols) in ethanol fuels containing an ethanol volume fraction
Test Method D3606 (Procedure B). The Practice D6708
between 50 % and 85 % (17 % to 29 % oxygen). The gasoline
derived correlation equation is only applicable for fuels in the
benzeneconcentrationrangefrom0.52 %to1.67 %byvolume
as measured by Test Method D6839.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
1.8 This test method includes a relative bias section for
Subcommittee D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods.
reporting benzene based on Practice D6708 accuracy assess-
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2021.PublishedJuly2021.Originallyapproved
ment between Test Method D6839 and Test Method D5580 as
in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D6839 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/
D6839-21A. a possible Te
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6839 − 21 D6839 − 21a
Standard Test Method for
Hydrocarbon Types, Oxygenated Compounds, Benzene, and
BenzeneToluene in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by
1
Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6839; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of saturates, olefins, aromatics, and oxygenates in spark-ignition engine
fuels by multidimensional gas chromatography. Each hydrocarbon type can be reported either by carbon number (see Note 1) or
as a total.
NOTE 1—There can be an overlap between the C and C aromatics; however, the total is accurate. Isopropyl benzene is resolved from the C aromatics
9 10 8
and is included with the other C aromatics.
9
1.2 This test method is not intended to determine individual hydrocarbon components except benzene.benzene and toluene.
1.3 This test method is divided into two parts, Part A and Part B.
1.3.1 Part A is applicable to automotive motor gasolinethe concentration ranges for which precision (Table 9) (Table 10 and Table
11) has been obtained obtained:
Property Units Applicable range
Total aromatics Volume % 19.32 to 46.29
Total saturates Volume % 26.85 to 79.31
Total olefins Volume % 0.40 to 26.85
Oxygenates Volume % 0.61 to 9.85
Oxygen Content Mass % 2.01 to 12.32
Benzene Volume % 0.38 to 1.98
Toluene Volume % 5.85 to 31.65
Methanol Volume % 1.05 to 16.96
Ethanol Volume % 0.50 to 17.86
MTBE Volume % 0.99 to 15.70
ETBE Volume % 0.99 to 15.49
TAME Volume % 0.99 to 5.92
TAEE Volume % 0.98 to 15.59
for total volume fraction of aromatics of up to 50 %; a total volume fraction of olefins from about 1.5 % up to 30 %; a
volume fraction of oxygenates, from 0.8 % up to 15 %; a total mass fraction of oxygen from about 1.5 % to about 3.7 %; and
a volume fraction of benzene of up to 2 %. Although this test method can be used to determine higher-olefin contents of up to
50 % volume fraction, the precision for olefins was tested only in the range from about 1.5 % volume fraction to about 30 %
volume fraction. The method has also been tested for an ether content up to 22 % volume fraction but no precision data has
been determined.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021May 1, 2021. Published July 2021. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20182021 as
D6839 – 18.D6839 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D6839-21.10.1520/D6839-21A.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6839 − 21a
1.3.1.1 This test method is specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates, but it
also applies to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such as naphthas and reformates.
1.3.2 Part B describes the procedure for the analysis of oxygenated groups (ethanol, methanol, ethers, C to C alcohols) in ethanol
3 5
fuels containing an ethanol volume fraction between 50 % and 85 % (17 % to 29 % oxygen). The gasoline is diluted with an
oxygenate-free component to lower the ethanol content to a value below 20 % before the analysis by GC. The diluting solvent
should not be considered in the integration, this makes it possible to report the results of the undiluted sample after normalization
to 100 %.
1.4 Oxygenates as specified in Test Method D4815 have been verified not to interfere with hydrocarbons. Within the round robin
sample set, the following oxygenates have been tested: MTBE, ethanol, ETBE, TAME, iso-propanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol and
methanol. The derived precision data for methanol do not comply with the precision calculation as presented in this International
Standard. Applicability of this test method has also been verified for the determination of n-propanol, acetone, and di-isopropyl
ether (DIPE). However, no precision data have been determined for these compounds.
1.4.1 Other oxygenates can be determined and quantified using Te
...

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Serial No. . . . . . . . . . .  
7  
8  
9  
10  
11  
12  
13  
Name or Application  
Commercial
Propane  
Commercial
Butane  
BB Stream
(Cracked
Butanes)  
Dry Gas
Cracked
Fuel Gas  
Mixed Iso
and Normal
Butanes  
Reformer
Make-Up
Gas  
Unstabi-
lized Fuel
Gas  
Component  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
OC  
PC  
M  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
O  
P  
M  
OC  
PC  
M  
Hydrogen  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
15  
2  
M  
...  
...  
...  
10  
2  
M  
16  
2  
M  
Methane  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
14  
16  
M  
...  
...  
...  
9  
16  
M  
15  
16  
M  
EthyleneE  
7  
26  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
12  
26  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
13  
26  
M  
Ethane  
6  
30  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
11  
30  
M  
...  
...  
...  
7  
30  
M  
12  
30  
M  
Propene  
5  
42  
M  
7  
42  
M  
6  
42  
M  
10  
42  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
8  
42  
M  
Propane  
3  
44  
M  
4  
44  
M  
4  
44  
M  
7  
44  
M  
3  
44  
M  
5  
44  
M  
6  
44  
M  
Butadiene  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
1  
54  
M  
3  
54  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
2  
54  
M  
Butene-1  
1  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
7  
41  
M  
1  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
9  
41  
M  
Butene-2  
1  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
8  
56  
M  
1  
56  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
10  
56  
M  
Isobutene  
1F  
F  
M  
1  
F  
F  
9  
39  
M  
1  
F  
...  
4  
43  
M  
...  
...  
...  
11  
39  
M  
Isobutane  
4  
43  
M  
5  
43  
M  
5  
43  
M  
8  
43  
M  
1  
58  
M  
6  
43  
M  
7  
43  
M  
n-Butane  
2  
58  
M  
2  
58  
M  
2  
58  
M  
4  
58  
M  
...  
...  
...  
2  
58  
M  
3  
58  
M  
Pentenes  
...  
...  
...  
6  
70  
M  
G  
70  
U  
9  
70  
M  
...  
...  
...  
3  
57  
M  
...  
70  
U  
Isopentane  
...  
...  
...  
3  
57  
M  
3  
57  
M  
5  
57  
M  
2  
57  
M  
4  
72  
M  
4  
57  
M  
n-Pentane  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
6  
72  
M  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  
5  
72  
M  
Benzene  
...  
...  
...  
...  
...  ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6827-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Zinc Analysis of Floor Polishes and Floor Polish Polymers By Flame Atomic Absorption (A.A.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method is generally accepted for the preparation of floor polish and floor polish polymers for the analysis of total zinc content. Knowing the total zinc content of a floor finish or polymer can aid in determining the proper disposal method of used or unwanted product.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the analysis of floor polishes and floor polish polymers for total zinc content.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1641-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Decomposition Kinetics by Thermogravimetry Using the Ozawa/Flynn/Wall Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermogravimetry provides a rapid method for determining the temperature-decomposition profile of a material.  
5.2 This test method can be used for estimating lifetimes of materials, using Practice E1877 provided that a relationship has been established between the thermal endurance test results and actual lifetime tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the kinetic parameters, Arrhenius activation energy, and pre-exponential factor by thermogravimetry, based on the assumption that the decomposition obeys first-order kinetics using the Ozawa/Flynn/Wall isoconversional method (1, 2).2  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to materials with well-defined decomposition profiles, namely, a smooth, continuous mass change with a single maximum rate.  
1.3 This test method is normally applicable to decomposition occurring in the range from 400 K to 1300 K (nominally 100 °C to 1000 °C). The temperature range may be extended depending on the instrumentation used.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2403-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sulfated Ash of Organic Materials by Thermogravimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The sulfated ash value indicates the level of known metal-containing additives or impurities in an organic material. When phosphorus is absent, barium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium are converted to their sulfates. Tin and zinc are converted to their oxides.  
5.2 This test method may be used for research and development, specification acceptance, and quality assurance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of sulfated ash content (sometimes called residue-on-ignition) of organic materials by thermogravimetry. This test method converts common metals found in organic materials (such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and tin) into their sulfate salts permitting estimation of their total content as sulfates or oxides. The range of this test method is from 0.1 % to 100 % metal content.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1386-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (see Test Method E1618).  
4.2 This practice is useful to reduce potential fractionation during separation, such as when attempting to distinguish between various grades of fuel oil.  
4.3 This practice is particularly useful for extraction from nonporous surfaces such as glass, or the interior of burned containers. It is also well suited to the extraction of ignitable liquid residues from samples that are not amenable to extraction using Practice E1412.  
4.4 This practice lacks specificity to separate and isolate ignitable liquids from interfering compounds present in the fire debris.  
4.5 This practice is not suitable for the extraction of extremely volatile compounds and ignitable liquids (for example, acetone, butane, ethanol, propane, some cigarette lighter fluids), which could evaporate during the concentration step.  
4.6 This is a destructive technique. Whenever possible, this technique should only be used when a representative portion of the sample can be preserved for reanalysis. Those portions of the sample subjected to this procedure could be unsuitable for resampling. If sample spoliation is an issue, a nondestructive extraction technique (for example, Practices E1412, E2154) should be used prior to this technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for removing small quantities of ignitable liquid residue from samples of fire debris using solvent to extract the residue.  
1.2 This practice is suitable for extracting ignitable liquid residues over a wide range of concentrations.  
1.3 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in the referenced documents (Practices E1388, E1412, E1413, E2154, and E3189).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E203-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Titration techniques using KF reagent are one of the most widely used for the determination of water.  
4.2 Although the volumetric KF titration can determine low levels of water, it is generally accepted that coulometric KF titrations (see Test Method E1064) are more accurate for routine determination of very low levels of water. As a general rule, if samples routinely contain water concentrations of 500 mg/kg or less, the coulometric technique should be considered.  
4.3 Applications can be subdivided into two sections: (1) organic and inorganic compounds, in which water may be determined directly, and (2) compounds, in which water cannot be determined directly, but in which interferences may be eliminated by suitable chemical reactions or modifications of the procedure. Further discussion of interferences is included in Section 5 and Appendix X2.  
4.4 Water can be determined directly in the presence of the following types of compounds:    
Organic Compounds  
Acetals  
Ethers  
Acids (Note 1)  
Halides  
Acyl halides  
Hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated)  
Alcohols  
Ketones, stable (Note 4)  
Aldehydes, stable (Note 2)  
Nitriles  
Amides  
Orthoesters  
Amines, weak (Note 3)  
Peroxides (hydro, dialkyl)  
Anhydrides  
Sulfides  
Disulfides  
Thiocyanates  
Esters  
Thioesters  
Inorganic Compounds  
Acids (Note 5)  
Cupric oxide  
Acid oxides (Note 6)  
Desiccants  
Aluminum oxides  
Hydrazine sulfate  
Anhydrides  
Salts of organic and inorganic acids (Note 6)  
Barium dioxide  
Calcium carbonate  
Note 1: Some acids, such as formic, acetic, and adipic acid, are slowly esterified. For high accuracy with pyridine-based reagents, use 30 % to 50 % pyridine in methanol as the solvent. When using pyridine-free reagents, commercially available buffer solutions can be added to the sample prior to titration. With formic acid, it may be necessary to use methanol-free solvents and titrants (1).4
N...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended as a general guide for the application of the volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration for determining free water and water of hydration in most solid or liquid organic and inorganic compounds. This test method is designed for use with automatic titration systems capable of determining the KF titration end point potentiometrically; however, a manual titration method for determining the end point visually is included as Appendix X1. Samples that are gaseous at room temperature are not covered (see Appendix X4). This test method covers the use of both pyridine and pyridine-free KF reagents for determining water by the volumetric titration. Determination of water using KF coulometric titration is not discussed. By proper choice of the sample size, KF reagent concentration and apparatus, this test method is suitable for measurement of water over a wide concentration range, that is, parts per million to pure water.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 3.1 and 7.3.3.  
1.4 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, and safety precautions for chemicals used in this test procedure.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3399-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Non-volatile Residue in Ethanol and Ethanol Solutions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Manufacturers of ethanol are responsible for identifying and controlling impurities according to regulatory standards. Impurities in ethanol that are non-volatile are critical quality attributes for applications in the food, feed and pharmaceutical, personal care applications. Non-volatile residue is an attribute important to users of ethanol for these applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-volatile residue content of ethanol and ethanol solutions at the time of test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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