ASTM D4437/D4437M-16
(Practice)Standard Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
Standard Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be non-destructively evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheet material (reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of being bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2 in accordance with the sheet manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive testing. For destructive test methods look at other ASTM Standards and Practices.
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (or Knife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped Seams, Waterproofed Sewn Seams.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4437/D4437M − 16
Standard Practice for
Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity
of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet
1
Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4437/D4437M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of
nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the
2. Referenced Documents
integrityofseamsusedinthejoiningofflexiblesheetmaterials 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test
D5641/D5641M Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evalua-
procedures available for determining the quality of bonded
tion by Vacuum Chamber
seams.Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in
D5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of
this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for
Dual Seamed Geomembranes
quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufac-
D6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomem-
tured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim
brane Seams using the Spark Test
reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to
D7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes
destructive testing. For destructive test methods look at other
D7177/D7177M Specification forAir Channel Evaluation of
ASTM Standards and Practices.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomem-
branes
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the
following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (or
3. Significance and Use
Knife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict
Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped
liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock,
Seams, Waterproofed Sewn Seams.
and the large number of seam methods and types used in
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
standardtestsbywhichthevariousseamscanbecomparedand
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
the quality of the seam systems can be non-destructively
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated
with the standard.
fromtheappropriatepolymersandcompoundingingredientsto
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
specifiedrequirementsfortheenduseoftheproduct.Thesheet
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
material(reinforcedornonreinforced)shallbecapableofbeing
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2 in
accordance with the sheet manufacturer’s recommendations
and instructions.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
2
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4437 – 08(2013). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D4437_D4437M-16. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4437/D4437M − 16
4. Nondestructive Test Methods thickness measurements once calibrated. Assure good contact
of the test head with the lining surface by providing a
4.1 For all test methods listed below, any and all flaws in
continuous contact medium (water) at the interface between
seam construction that are detected under a given test proce-
test head and lining. The ultrasonic signal shall be capable of
dure shall be repaired. All nondestructive test methods listed
beingviewedonamonitorandcapableoftriggeringanaudible
are not necessarily applicable to all polymeric geomembra
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4437 − 08 (Reapproved 2013) D4437/D4437M − 16
Standard Practice for
Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity
of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet
1
Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4437;D4437/D4437M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity
of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures
available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can
be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible
polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive testing. For
destructive test methods look at other ASTM Standards and Practices.
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (or
Knife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped Seams,
Waterproofed Sewn Seams.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5641D5641/D5641M Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by Vacuum Chamber
D5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual Seamed Geomembranes
D6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomembrane Seams using the Spark Test
D7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes
D7177D7177/D7177M Specification for Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomem-
branes
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and
the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by
which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be non-destructively evaluated. This practice
is intended to meet such a need.
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form
a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheet material
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved May 1, 2013July 1, 2016. Published June 2013October 2016. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
D4437D4437 – 08–08.(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D4437-08R13.10.1520/D4437_D4437M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4437/D4437M − 16
(reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of being bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2 in accordance with
the sheet manufacturer’s recommendations and instructions.
4. Nondestructive Test Met
...
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