ASTM E1648-95
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and severity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion welds that may be revealed by radiographic examination. These reference radiographs do not specify the acceptable level of these discontinuities, rather they provide a visual reference for communicating the acceptable level.
Note 1--The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (81 /2 by 11 in. (22 by 28 cm)), covering base material up to and including 0.75 in. (19 mm) in thickness.
1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominal weld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and are applicable to the thickness ranges shown in . The welds were produced using base material plates of 6061 and 5083 alloys and 5356 and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes. These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluating radiographs of welds in wrought aluminum products. They are not recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials; however, they are appropriate for use with assembly or fabrication welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum and magnesium castings are available in Reference Radiographs E155 and E505.
1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities. lists the discontinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1 through 5, in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1648 – 95 An American National Standard
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness Ranges
1. Scope
Illustration Thickness,
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and
Base Material Thickness, in. (mm)
in. (mm)
severity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion welds that
0.125 (3.2) to and including 0.375 (9.5)
0.50 (12.7) over 0.375 (9.5) to and including 0.75 (19)
may be revealed by radiographic examination. These reference
radiographs do not specify the acceptable level of these
discontinuities, rather they provide a visual reference for
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
communicating the acceptable level.
E 155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
NOTE 1—The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (8 ⁄2
and Magnesium Castings
by 11 in. (22 by 28 cm)), covering base material up to and including 0.75
E 505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
in. (19 mm) in thickness.
and Magnesium Die Castings
1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominal
E 1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of
weld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and are
Weldments
applicable to the thickness ranges shown in Table 1. The welds
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
were produced using base material plates of 6061 and 5083
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
alloys and 5356 and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes.
Reference Radiographs for Aluminum Fusion Welds:
These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluating
Volume 1, Thicknesses Up to and Including 0.75 in.
radiographs of welds in wrought aluminum products. They are
(19 mm)
not recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials;
however, they are appropriate for use with assembly or
3. Terminology
fabrication welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum and
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms relating to X ray and
magnesium castings are available in Reference Radiographs
gamma radiology, as used in these reference radiographs, may
E 155 and E 505.
be found in Terminology E 1316.
1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representative
graded and ungraded discontinuities. Table 2 lists the discon-
TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness
tinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of
of Base Material
base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five
Base Material Thickness, in. (mm) and
severity levels, 1 through 5, in order of increasing severity. The
Grading
Discontinuity Type
ungraded discontinuities are included for informational pur-
0.125 (3.2) 0.50 (12.7)
poses.
Fine scattered porosity Grades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Coarse scattered porosity . Grades 1 through 5
Aligned porosity Grades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5
as the standard.
Clustered porosity . Ungraded
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Incomplete penetration Ungraded Ungraded
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Tungsten inclusions . Ungraded
Undercut Ungraded Ungraded
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Cracks (longitudinal and transverse) Ungraded Ungraded
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Crater crack . Ungraded
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Use of these reference radiographs requires agreement
between the using parties as to the acceptable level of each
discontinuity type. Illustrations are provided for welds in
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E-7 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1995. Published October 1995.
Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE1648.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1648
consulted to determine whether the indication represents an unacceptable
0.125-in. (3.2-mm) thick material and 0.50-in. (12.7-mm) thick
condition. Where the condition exceeds specification limits, it is referred
material. These illustrations are intended to be representative
to by some specifications (for example, American Welding Society
of base material thicknesses up to 0.75 in. (19 mm). Use of
(AWS)) as Inadequate Penetration.
these reference radiographs is not intended to be restricted to
6.4 A crack, is a rupture of solidified metal. Cracks associ-
the specific energy level or the absolute thickness limits that
ated with welding may be longitudinal, transverse, or radially
are illustrated. These reference radiographs may be used,
oriented and may occur in the weld metal, base metal, or
where there is no other applicable document, for other energy
through both. When the plane of the crack is aligned with the
levels or thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has been
direction of the radiation beam, its radiographic image will
reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Standard
appear as a well-defined jagged or a relatively straight line. As
reference radiographs should be used in accordance with
the plane of the crack deviates from the direction of the
contractual specifications.
radiation beam, the appearance of the crack becomes increas-
5. Preparation of Reference Radiographs
ingly broad and poorly defined.
5.1 The illustrations in Volume 1 are photographic repro-
6.4.1 Longitudinal cracks, are oriented in a direction that is
ductions of a master radiographic set. The radiographs were generally parallel to the weld bead.
made to a quality level of at least 2–2T in accordance with
6.4.2 Transverse cracks, are oriented such that they tend to
Guide E 94. Additional details regarding the radiographic
cross (at least partially) the weld bead.
technique used are provided in Test Method E 1032.
6.4.3 Radially oriented cracks are called crater cracks,
5.2 The radiographic exposures were controlled so as to
because they generally originate in a weld bead crater.
produce a density of 2.00 to 2.25 in a selected location on the
6.5 An undercut,
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.