ASTM D2357-11

Standard for Qualitative Classification of Surfactants by Infrared Absorption

SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the qualitative classification of synthetic detergent products or mixtures of synthetic detergents. It is applicable to built detergent formulations as well as individual surfactant compositions.
Note 1—The organic active ingredient must be isolated from built syndet compositions in accordance with Test Method D2358.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2011
• ICS: 71.100.40 - Surface active agents
• Technical Committee: D12 - Soaps and Other Detergents
• Drafting Committee: D12.12 - Analysis and Specifications of Soaps, Synthetics, Detergents and their Components

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D2357-74(2003) - Standard for Qualitative Classification of Surfactants by Infrared Absorption
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D820-93(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Containing Synthetic Detergents
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2357 −11
Standardfor
Qualitative Classification of Surfactants by Infrared
1
Absorption
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.2 Dies and Press, for preparation of KBr disks.
1.1 This standard covers the qualitative classification of 4.3 Detergent Reference Spectra.
synthetic detergent products or mixtures of synthetic deter-
4.4 Appropriate Sampling Accessories—ATR, Diffuse re-
gents. It is applicable to built detergent formulations as well as
flectance and others as appropriate.
individual surfactant compositions.
5. Reagents
NOTE 1—The organic active ingredient must be isolated from built
syndet compositions in accordance with Test Method D2358.
5.1 Potassium Bromide (KBr), infrared quality, powdered.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.2 Additional Reagents, as specified in Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D2358.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
6. Preparation of Sample
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6.1 Sample in Pure Form—If the sample is in pure form or
2. Referenced Documents
contains only volatile solvents, dry the sample in accordance
2
with 5.8 of Test Method D2358, and obtain the infrared
2.1 ASTM Standards:
spectrum of the dried sample.
D2358 TestMethodforSeparationofActiveIngredientfrom
Surfactant and Syndet Compositions
6.2 For Built Surfactants and Synthetic Detergent
Compositions—Obtain the infrared spectrum of the active
3. Summary of Classification
ingredient(s)separatedinaccordancewithTestMethodD2358.
3.1 A portion of the active ingredient is scanned in the
infrared region of the spectrum from at least 2.5 to 15 µm
7. Procedure
–1
(4000to667cm ).Qualitativeidentificationofsurfactanttype
7.1 Whenever possible, the infrared spectrum should be
is based on the presence of infrared absorption bands attribut-
obtained directly from the organic material, by formation of a
able to specific functional groups.
film between salt blocks, and by recording the spectrum
–1
3.2 A listing of absorbance bands corresponding to the
between 2.5 and 15 µm (4000 and 667 cm ). The film is
characteristic functional groups of some of the more common
satisfactory if the spectrum shows 10 to 30 % transmittance in
typesofcommercialsurfactantsisincludedinthismethod.Use
the strongest absorbance region.
of available detergent reference spectra may provide additional
7.2 Alternatively, the sample may be applied to an ATR
information.
crystal and the spectrum collected according to the manufac-
4. Apparatus
turer’s instructions. Care should be taken to use an appropriate
ATR crystal material as different crystals will produce inter-
4.1 Spectrophotometer, recording, infrared, or Fourier trans-
ference in different regions of the spectrum. Diamond crystals
form Infrared (FTIR if available).
are generally preferred for durability but they will produce
–1
interference in the 3.85 to 5.5 µm (2600 to 1800 cm ) region
1
This classification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D12 on Soaps
of the spectrum.Acorrection factor may need to be applied to
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.12 on
Analysis and Specifications of Soaps, Synthetics, Detergents and their Components.
thespectrumtochangetheabsorbancevaluestowhatwouldbe
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally
expected in a transmission spectrum. most software packages
approved in 1965 as D2357 – 65 T. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as
have algorithms to perform this correction.
D2357 – 74(2003). DOI: 10.1520/D2357-11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
7.3 Ifthesamplecanbeobtainedindry,powderedform,the
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
diffuse reflectance or KBr pressed-disk method may be used.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Grind the sample sufficiently fine to prevent radiation scatter,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D2357−11
and add approximately 1 part sample to 19 parts of dry 7.4 Other sample accessories may be used to collect spectra
powdered KBr. For diffuse reflectance load this mixture into provided they work in the appropriate wavelength/fr
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2357–74 (Reapproved 2003) Designation: D2357 – 11
Standard for
Qualitative Classification of Surfactants by Infrared
1
Absorption
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard covers the qualitative classification of synthetic detergent products or mixtures of synthetic detergents. It is
applicable to built detergent formulations as well as individual surfactant compositions.
NOTE 1—The organic active ingredient must be isolated from built syndet compositions in accordance with Test Method D2358.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2358 Test Method for Separation of Active Ingredient from Surfactant and Syndet Compositions
3. Summary of Classification
3.1 Aportion of the active ingredient is scanned in the infrared region of the spectrum from at least 2.5 to 15 µm (4000 to 667
–1
cm ). Qualitative identification of surfactant type is based on the presence of infrared absorption bands attributable to specific
functional groups.
3.2 Alisting of absorptionabsorbance bands corresponding to the characteristic functional groups of some of the more common
types of commercial surfactants is included in this method. Use of available detergent reference spectra may provide additional
information.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Spectrophotometer, recording, infrared. , recording, infrared, or Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR if available).
4.2 Dies and Press, for preparation of KBr disks.
4.3 Detergent Reference Spectra.
4.4 Appropriate Sampling Accessories—ATR, Diffuse reflectance and others as appropriate.
5. Reagents
5.1 Mineral Oil, USP.
5.2Potassium Bromide (KBr), infrared quality, powdered.
5.3
5.2 Additional Reagents, as specified in Test Method D2358.
6. Preparation of Sample
6.1 Sample in Pure Form—If the sample is in pure form or contains only volatile solvents, dry the sample in accordance with
5.8 of Test Method D2358, and obtain the infrared spectrum of the dried sample.
6.2 For Built Surfactants and Synthetic Detergent Compositions—Obtain the infrared spectrum of the active ingredient(s)
separated in accordance with Test Method D2358.
1
ThisclassificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD12onSoapsandOtherDetergentsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD12.12onAnalysis
and Specifications of Soaps, Synthetics, Detergents and their Components.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2003. Published March 2003. Originally published as D2357–65T. Last previous edition D2357–74. DOI: 10.1520/D2357-74R03.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally approved in 1965 as D2357 – 65 T. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as
D2357 – 74(2003). DOI: 10.1520/D2357-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2357 – 11
7. Procedure
7.1 Whenever possible, the infrared spectrum should be obtained directly from the organic material, by formation of a film
–1
between salt blocks, and by recording the spectrum between 2.5 and 15 µm (4000 and 667 cm ). The film is satisfactory if the
spectrum shows 10 to 30 % transmittance in the strongest absorptionabsorbance region.
7.2If the physical properties of the sample prevent use of the film technique, the spectrum may be made from a mineral oil mull.
Form the mull by adding 2 to 3 drops of mineral oil to a small quantity of sample contained in a polished grinding surface (agate)
mortar, and grinding for a minimum of 5 min. This should produce a very fine syrupy dispersion. Use the mull as a film between
salt blocks and obtain the spectrum as in 7.1.
7.3Ifthesamplecanbeobtainedindry,powderedform,theKBrpressed-diskmethodmaybeused.Gri
...