ASTM D1754/D1754M-20

Standard Test Method for Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method indicates approximate change in properties of asphalt during conventional hot-mixing at about 150 °C [302 °F] as indicated by viscosity, penetration, or ductility measurements. It yields a residue which approximates the asphalt condition as incorporated in the pavement. If the mixing temperature differs appreciably from the 150 °C [302 °F] level, more or less effect on properties will occur.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effects of heat and air on a film of semisolid asphaltic materials. The effects of this treatment are determined from measurements of selected asphalt properties before and after the test.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/index.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury-containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2020
• ICS: 75.140 - Waxes, bituminous materials and other petroleum products
• Technical Committee: D04 - Road and Paving Materials
• Drafting Committee: D04.46 - Durability and Distillation Tests

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4753-24 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D5/D5M-19a - Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM E644-11(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2019
• Refers: ASTM D8-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2019
• Refers: ASTM E145-19 - Standard Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM D8-18c - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM D8-18b - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2018
• Refers: ASTM D8-18a - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2018
• Refers: ASTM D8-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2018
• Refers: ASTM D8-17c - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Refers: ASTM D8-17b - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2017
• Refers: ASTM D8-17a - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 01-May-2017
• Refers: ASTM D8-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM D8-16b - Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM D3666-16 - Standard Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2016

Overview

ASTM D1754/D1754M-20 is the Standard Test Method for Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test), issued by ASTM International. This test method is widely used in the road and paving materials industry to evaluate how asphaltic materials change when subjected to heat and air exposure, simulating the conditions during hot-mix asphalt production. The Thin-Film Oven Test (TFOT) provides an approximation of asphalt property changes during mixing at approximately 150°C (302°F), focusing on critical performance indicators such as viscosity, penetration, and ductility.

Key Topics

• Thin-Film Oven Test (TFOT): The method involves heating a thin film of asphaltic material in a specially designed oven at 163°C (325°F) for a period of 5 hours. The test simulates short-term aging during conventional hot mix production.
• Assessment of Asphalt Properties: Changes in the physical properties of asphalt are measured before and after the test using standard methods for viscosity, penetration, and ductility.
• Residue Analysis: The test yields a residue that closely resembles the asphalt condition when it is incorporated into pavement, serving as a critical indicator for material performance.
• Safety Considerations: The procedure highlights the potential hazards of using mercury thermometers and advises following proper safety, health, and environmental practices.
• Standardization and Precision: Results depend on following procedural guidelines, qualified personnel, and well-maintained equipment. Adherence to specification D3666 is recommended for laboratory competence.

Applications

ASTM D1754/D1754M-20 is valuable for a range of practical applications in the construction and maintenance of asphalt pavements:

• Asphalt Mix Design: Helps asphalt producers and pavement engineers evaluate proposed binder materials for suitability under expected field conditions.
• Quality Control: Ensures consistency of asphaltic materials during production by monitoring changes in viscosity, penetration, and ductility.
• Comparative Testing: Useful for comparing different asphalt sources or formulations during procurement or research and development.
• Regulatory Compliance: Supports compliance with government and industry specifications for road and paving materials.
• Material Durability Assessment: Identifies potential issues related to the short-term aging of asphalt, contributing to improved pavement performance and longevity.

Related Standards

For comprehensive evaluation and control of asphaltic materials, ASTM D1754/D1754M-20 should be used in conjunction with the following standards:

• ASTM D5/D5M - Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
• ASTM D113 - Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt Materials
• ASTM D2170/D2170M - Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
• ASTM D2171/D2171M - Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
• ASTM D3666 - Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
• ASTM E145 - Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
• ASTM E1, E77, E563 - Specifications for Thermometers and Thermometric Calibration

Practical Value

Implementing ASTM D1754/D1754M-20 enables organizations to:

• Predict performance: Gain insight into asphalt binder behavior during mixing and placement.
• Enhance durability: Reduce the risk of premature pavement failures caused by undesirable binder aging characteristics.
• Maintain consistency: Apply standardized procedures for repeatable, reliable testing results across multiple laboratories and projects.

For those involved in asphalt mix design, production, or quality assurance, adherence to the Thin-Film Oven Test procedure is essential for achieving high-performing asphalt pavements and meeting industry standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1754/D1754M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film
Oven Test)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1754/D1754M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effects
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
of heat and air on a film of semisolid asphaltic materials. The
effects of this treatment are determined from measurements of
2. Referenced Documents
selected asphalt properties before and after the test.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D5/D5M Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Mate-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
rials
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
D8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance ments
D2170/D2170M Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of
with the standard.
Asphalts
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United
D2171/D2171M Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by
States Environmental ProtectionAgency and many state agen-
Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
cies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous
D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-
system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may
cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
containing products. See the applicable Material Safety Data
Construction Materials Testing
Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://
D8055 Guide for Selecting an Appropriate Electronic Ther-
www.epa.gov/mercury/index.htm—for additional information.
mometer for Replacing Mercury Thermometers in D04
Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury-
Road and Paving Standards
containing products into your state may be prohibited by state
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
law.
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
mometers
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
Ventilation Ovens
as requirements of the standard.
E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the as a Reference Temperature
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
mometers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3. Terminology
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 Definitions of terms used in this test method may be
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
found in Terminology D8, determined from common English
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
usage, or combinations of both.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.46 on
Durability and Distillation Tests. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published November 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D1754/D1754M – 09 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D1754_D1754M-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1754/D1754M − 20
4. Summary of Test Method circulation through the shelf when the containers are in place.
The shelf shall be suspended by a vertical shaft and centered
4.1 Afilm of asphaltic material is heated in an oven for 5 h
with respect to the horizontal interior dimensions of the oven
at 163 °C [325 °F]. The effects of heat and air are determined
and shall be provided with a mechanical means of rotating it at
from changes incurred in physical properties measured before
the rate of 5.5 6 1.0 r/min. The preferred vertical position for
andaftertheoventreatment.Anoptionalprocedureisprovided
the shelf is 150 mm [6 in.] above the bottom of the oven
for determining the change in sample mass.
(exclusive of space occupied by the heating element), and the
4.2 Precisionvaluesforthemethodhavebeendevelopedfor
shelf shall be located as close to this position as permitted by
viscosity, viscosity change, penetration change, mass change,
compliance with the requirements of 6.2 regarding thermom-
and ductility.
eter placement. The shelf shall be constructed or marked in
such a way that the sample containers can be placed in the
5. Significance and Use
same position during each test. There shall be a minimum of
5.1 This method indicates approximate change in properties
two and a maximum of six sample container positions. Each
of asphalt during conventional hot-mixing at about 150 °C
sample container position shall be symmetrical with respect to
[302 °F] as indicated by viscosity, penetration, or ductility
the shaft and to any holes in the shelf. The number of sample
measurements. It yields a residue which approximates the
container positions shall be the maximum that will fit on the
asphalt condition as incorporated in the pavement. If the
shelf without violating the above requirements and without
mixing temperature differs appreciably from the 150 °C
excessive overhang.
[302 °F] level, more or less effect on properties will occur.
6.2 Thermometer—A thermometer for measuring tempera-
NOTE 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are
tureintheoven.Thethermometershallbeoneofthefollowing
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure
(see Note 2):
and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used.
Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally 6.2.1 A liquid-in-glass thermometer which conforms to the
considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling,
requirements of Specification E1 readable to 0.5 °C [1 °F] that
inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with
includes the test temperature in its calibrated or standardized
Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results.
range, 163 °C [325 °F]. Standardize the thermometer in accor-
Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of
dance with one of the methods inTest Method E77 or verify its
Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a
means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors. original standardization at the ice point in accordance with
Practice E563. If the thermometer does not read to 0 6 0.5 °C
6. Apparatus
[32 6 1 °F] at the ice point, then the thermometer should be
re-standardized.
6.1 Oven—The oven shall be electrically heated and shall
conform to the performance requirements of Specification
6.2.2 A platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) readable to
E145, Type IB (Gravity-Convection), for operating tempera-
the nearest 0.5 °C [1 °F], with a PT 100 Class AA tolerance
tures up to 180 °C [356 °F]. During the tests for compliance to
rating and either a three- or four-wire configuration and an
Specification E145 requirements, the oven shelf, properly
overall sheath length at least 50 mm [2 in.] greater than the
centered as described in 6.1.2, shall be in place and rotating.
immersion depth. The thermometer shall have the test
6.1.1 Construction—Theovenshallberectangular,andeach
temperature, 163 °C [325 °F], within its calibrated or standard-
interior dimension (exclusive of space occupied by the heating
ized range. Standardize the PRT system (probe and readout
element) shall be a minimum of 330 mm [13 in.] and a
device) in accordance with Test Method E644. Corrections
maximum of 535 mm [21 in.]. The oven shall have, in front, a
shallbeappliedtoensureaccuratemeasurementswithin0.5 °C
tightly fitted hinged door, which shall provide a clear opening
[1 °F].
substantially the same as the interior height and width of the
NOTE 2—Guide D8055 provides additional guidance on selecting
oven. The door may contain a window with dimensions of at
appropriate electronic thermometer alternatives to a mercury-in-glass
least 100 by 100 mm [4 by 4 in.] and with two sheets of glass
thermometer.
separated by an air space, through which a vertical
6.3 Container—Cylindrical pans, 140 6 1 mm [5.5 6
thermometer, located as specified in 6.2, may be read without
3 1
0.04 in.] in inside diameter and 9.5 6 1.5 mm [ ⁄8 6 ⁄16 in.]
opening the door; or the oven may be provided with an inner
deep with a flat bottom. Fifty milliliters of the sample in this
glassdoor,throughwhichthethermometermaybeobservedon
size container give a film thickness of approximately 3.2 mm
opening the outer door momentarily. The oven shall be
[ ⁄8 in.]. Pans shall be made of stainless steel and shall have a
adequately ventilated by convection currents of air and for this
metal thickness of approximately 0.64 mm [0.025 in.].
purpose shall be provided with openings for the entrance of air
and for the exit of heated air and vapors. Openings may be of
NOTE 3—Pans have a tendency to become warped or bent with use.
any size and arrangement provided the requirements of Speci-
Although tests indicate that a small amount of warping does not
fication E145, Type IB, are met. significantly affect results, frequent inspection to eliminate warped or
damaged pans is advisable. The indicated metal thickness has been found
6.1.2 Rotating Shelf—The oven shall be provided with a
to provide adequate rigidity without excessive weight. Stainless steel pans
single metal circular shelf having a minimum diameter of
manufactured from 0.6-mm thick [No. 24] stainless sheet gauge steel
250 mm [9.8 in.] and a maximum diameter of 450 mm [18 in.].
comply with the recommended thickness. Pans made from 0.48 mm-thick
The shelf construction shall be such that it provides a flat
[No. 26] stainless sheet gauge metal are also acceptable but have a greater
surface for support of the containers without blocking all air tendency to warp during use.
D1754/D1754M − 20
6.4 Balance—A balance conforming to the requirements of determine the mass to the nearest 0.001 g, and calculate the
Guide D4753, Class G2. mass change on the basis of the asphalt in each container (Note
7).
7. Preparation of Oven
NOTE 5—Materials having different mass change characteristics should
not generally be tested at the same time due to the possibility of
7.1 Ensure that the thermometric device tip is positioned
cross-absorption.
40 mm[1.5in.]abovethetopoftheshelfandcenteredoverthe
NOTE 6—This test method does not prohibit placing an asphalt sample
arc of the rotating pans.
in the position under the mercury thermometer. However, it is recom-
mended that this position not be used for a sample, and that an empty pan
7.2 Ensure the oven is level so that the shelf rotates in a
remain in this position, in order to minimize the risk associated with
horizontal plane.The maximum tilt during rotation shall not be
thermometer breakage.
more than 3° from the horizontal.
NOTE 7—When complete tests cannot be made in the same day, and if
themasschangeisbeingdetermined,determinethemassesoftheresidues
7.3 Preheat oven for a minimum of 2 h prior to testing, with
and store them overnight before reheating. If the mass change is not being
the control setting adjusted to the setting that will be used
determined, transfer the residue to the 240-mL [8-oz] container as
during the te
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1754/D1754M − 09 (Reapproved 2014) D1754/D1754M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film
Oven Test)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1754/D1754M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effects of heat and air on a film of semisolid asphaltic materials. The effects
of this treatment are determined from measurements of selected asphalt properties before and after the test.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformancenonconformance with the standard.
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and many state agencies as
a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous
to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the
applicable Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/index.htm—for
additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury-containing products into your state may be
prohibited by state law.Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and many
state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may
be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing
products. See the applicable Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/
index.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your
state may be prohibited by state law.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.46 on Durability
and Distillation Tests.
Current edition approved June 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2020. Published November 2014November 2020. Originally approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 20092014
as D1754/D1754M – 09.D1754/D1754M – 09 (2014). DOI: 10.1520/D1754_D1754M-09R14.10.1520/D1754_D1754M-20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1754/D1754M − 20
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5D5/D5M Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
D113D8 Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt MaterialsTerminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
D2170D2170/D2170M Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
D2171D2171/D2171M Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing
D8055 Guide for Selecting an Appropriate Electronic Thermometer for Replacing Mercury Thermometers in D04 Road and
Paving Standards
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference Temperature
E1137/E1137ME644 Specification Test Methods for Testing Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of terms used in this test method may be found in Terminology D8, determined from common English usage, or
combinations of both.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A film of asphaltic material is heated in an oven for 5 h at 163°C [325°F].163 °C [325 °F]. The effects of heat and air are
determined from changes incurred in physical properties measured before and after the oven treatment. An optional procedure is
provided for determining the change in sample mass.
4.2 Precision values for the method have been developed for viscosity, viscosity change, penetration change, mass change, and
ductility.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This method indicates approximate change in properties of asphalt during conventional hot-mixing at about 150°C
[302°F]150 °C [302 °F] as indicated by viscosity, penetration, or ductility measurements. It yields a residue which approximates
the asphalt condition as incorporated in the pavement. If the mixing temperature differs appreciably from the 150°C [302°F]150 °C
[302 °F] level, more or less effect on properties will occur.
NOTE 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the
capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable
of competent and objective testing testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone
does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666and sampling. or
some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Oven—The oven shall be electrically heated and shall conform to the performance requirements of Specification E145, Type
IB (Gravity-Convection), for operating temperatures up to 180°C [356°F].180 °C [356 °F]. During the tests for compliance to
Specification E145 requirements, the oven shelf, properly centered as described in 5.1.26.1.2, shall be in place and rotating.
6.1.1 Construction—The oven shall be rectangular, and each interior dimension (exclusive of space occupied by the heating
element) shall be a minimum of 330 mm [13 in.] and a maximum of 535 mm [21 in.]. The oven shall have, in front, a tightly fitted
hinged door, which shall provide a clear opening substantially the same as the interior height and width of the oven. The door may
contain a window with dimensions of at least 100 by 100 mm [4 by 4 in.] and with two sheets of glass separated by an air space,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
D1754/D1754M − 20
through which a vertical thermometer, located as specified in 5.26.2, may be read without opening the door; or the oven may be
provided with an inner glass door, through which the thermometer may be observed on opening the outer door momentarily. The
oven shall be adequately ventilated by convection currents of air and for this purpose shall be provided with openings for the
entrance of air and for the exit of heated air and vapors. Openings may be of any size and arrangement provided the requirements
of Specification E145, Type IB, are met.
6.1.2 Rotating Shelf—The oven shall be provided with a single metal circular shelf having a minimum diameter of 250 mm
250 mm [9.8 in.] and a maximum diameter of 450 mm [18 in.]. The shelf construction shall be such that it provides a flat surface
for support of the containers without blocking all air circulation through the shelf when the containers are in place. The shelf shall
be suspended by a vertical shaft and centered with respect to the horizontal interior dimensions of the oven and shall be provided
with a mechanical means of rotating it at the rate of 5.5 6 1.0 r/min. The preferred vertical position for the shelf is 150 mm [6
in.] above the bottom of the oven (exclusive of space occupied by the heating element), and the shelf shall be located as close to
this position as permitted by compliance with the requirements of 5.26.2 regarding thermometer placement. The shelf shall be
constructed or marked in such a way that the sample containers can be placed in the same position during each test. There shall
be a minimum of two and a maximum of six sample container positions. Each sample container position shall be symmetrical with
respect to the shaft and to any holes in the shelf. The number of sample container positions shall be the maximum that will fit on
the shelf without violating the above requirements and without excessive overhang.
6.2 Thermometric Device—Thermometer—An ASTM Loss on Heat Thermometer having a range from 155 to 170°C and
conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 13C, as prescribed in Specification E1, or a Grade A platinum resistance
thermometer, commonly known as a PRT or an RTD (or both), conforming to Specification A thermometer E1137/E1137M,
connected to a meter readable to 0.1°, and verified accurate at 163°C [325°F], shall be used for determining the test temperature.
The 13C thermometer, if used, shall be supported from the shaft of the circular shelf in a vertical position at a point equidistant
from the center and outer edge of the shelf. The bottom of the thermometer bulb shall be 40 mm [1.5 in.] above the top of the shelf.
Thefor measuring temperature in the oven. The thermometer shall be one of the following (see Note 2thermometer shall be radially
centered over a sample container position. If a PRT or RTD is used for determining the test temperature, it shall be independent
of the oven temperature control system and the tip of the measuring sensor shall be positioned 40 mm [1.5 in.] above the top of
the shelf and centered over the arc of the rotating pans. Thermometric devices shall be calibrated when initially installed, and their
accuracy at 163°C [325°F] shall be verified at least annually thereafter.):
6.2.1 A liquid-in-glass thermometer which conforms to the requirements of Specification E1 readable to 0.5 °C [1 °F] that includes
the test temperature in its calibrated or standardized range, 163 °C [325 °F]. Standardize the thermometer in accordance with one
of the methods in Test Method E77 or verify its original standardization at the ice point in accordance with Practice E563. If the
thermometer does not read to 0 6 0.5 °C [32 6 1 °F] at the ice point, then the thermometer should be re-standardized.
6.2.2 A platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) readable to the nearest 0.5 °C [1 °F], with a PT 100 Class AA tolerance rating and
either a three- or four-wire configuration and an overall sheath length at least 50 mm [2 in.] greater than the immersion depth. The
thermometer shall have the test temperature, 163 °C [325 °F], within its calibrated or standardized range. Standardize the PRT
system (probe and readout device) in accordance with Test Method E644. Corrections shall be applied to ensure accurate
measurements within 0.5 °C [1 °F].
NOTE 2—Guide D8055 provides additional guidance on selecting appropriate electronic thermometer alternatives to a mercury-in-glass thermometer.
3 1
6.3 Container—Cylindrical pans, 140 6 1 mm [5.5 6 0.04 in.] 0.04 in.] in inside diameter and 9.5 6 1.5 mm [ ⁄8 6 ⁄16 in.] deep
with a flat bottom. Fifty millilitresmilliliters of the sample in this size container give a film thickness of approximately 3.2 mm
[ ⁄8 in.]. in.]. Pans shall be made of stainless steel and shall have a metal thickness of approximately 0.64 mm [0.025 in.].
NOTE 3—Pans have a tendency to become warped or bent with use. Although tests indicate that a small amount of warping does not significantly affect
results, frequent inspection to eliminate warped or damaged pans is advisable. The indicated metal thickness has been found to provide adequate rigidity
without excessive weight. Stainless steel pans manufactured from 0.6-mm thick [No. 24] stainless sheet gauge steel comply with the recommended
thickness. Pans made from 0.48 mm-thick [No. 26] stainless sheet gauge metal are also acceptable but have a greater tendency to warp during use.
6.4 Balance—A balance conforming to the requirements of guideGuide D4753, Class G2.
7. Preparation of Oven
7.1 Ensure that the thermometric device tip is positioned 40 mm 40 mm [1.5 in.] above the top of the shelf and centered over the
arc of the rotating pans.
D1754/D1754M − 20
7.2 Ensure the oven is level so that the shelf rotates in a horizontal plane. The maximum tilt during rotation shall not be more than
3° from the horizontal.
7.3 Preheat oven for a minimum of two hours 2 h prior to testing, with the control setting adjusted to the setting that will be used
during the test. The setting shall be selected such that when the oven is fully loaded, the oven will equilibrate at 163.0 6 1°C1
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