ASTM D2970/D2970M-04(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Testing Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Yarns Made From Glass Filaments
Standard Test Method for Testing Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Yarns Made From Glass Filaments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures in these test methods may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is advised because technicians may fail to get good agreement between results on certain yarns, cords, or fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in Section 5.1.1 may be advisable.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specific test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial yarns made of glass filaments, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabric woven from such cords—products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar glass yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams, woven into fabric, or in other forms. These test methods include testing procedures only. These test methods do not include specifications or tolerances.
1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cords, but several articles relating to the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords made from man-made filaments and cured in rubber were published in the bibliography of Test Methods D885.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D2970/D2970M − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Methods for
Testing Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Yarns
Made From Glass Filaments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2970/D2970M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Yarn Number of Dipped Yarns and Cords 19
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial yarns 1.4 These test methods show the values in both SI units and
in inch-pound units. “SI units” is the technically correct name
made of glass filaments, cords twisted from such yarns, and
fabric woven from such cords—products that are made spe- for the system of metric units known as the International
System of Units. “Inch-pound units” is the technically correct
cifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. By
agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar glass name for the customary units used in the United States. The
values stated in either acceptable metric units or other units
yarnsandcordsusedforreinforcingotherrubbergoodsandfor
other industrial applications. The yarn or cord may be wound shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams, woven into fabric,
or in other forms. These test methods include testing proce- system must be used independently of each other without
combining values in any way.
dures only. These test methods do not include specifications or
tolerances.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fatigue resistance of cords, but several articles relating to the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
measurement of fatigue resistance of cords made from man-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
made filaments and cured in rubber were published in the
bibliography of Test Methods D885.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 The following sections are included:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Section
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
Adhesion of Cords to Elastomers 24
Breaking Strength (Force) of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 13
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Breaking Tenacity of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 14
D578 Specification for Glass Fiber Strands
Catenary Length of Cords Appendix X1
Conditioning 8 D885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and
Construction of Yarns and Cords 18
Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured
Count of Tire Cord Fabric 22
Organic-Base Fibers
Dip Pick-Up (DPU) on Yarns and Cords 23
D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
Elongation at Break of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 15
Initial Modulus of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 16
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
Keywords 28
D4393 Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing
Mass of Tire Cord Fabric 22
Precision and Bias 25–27 Cords or Fabrics to Rubber Compounds
Sampling of Yarn and Cord 6
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
Sampling of Tire Cord Fabric 7
Related Properties of Textiles
Tensile Properties of Yarns and Cords 9–17
Terminology 3 D6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose
Thickness of Cords 21
Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
Twist in Yarns and Cords 20
Width of Tire Cord Fabric 22
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial
Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1980. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated as D2970 – 95. Last contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
previous edition approved in 2004 as D2970/D2970M – 04. DOI: 10.1520/D2970 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
_D2970M-04R10. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2970/D2970M − 04 (2010)
3.1.1 For definitions of terms related to tire cord, bead wire, shipping case in the lot sample. Take the number of packages
hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477. for the laboratory sample as directed in an applicable material
3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard” specification or Practice D2258. Preferably, the same number
catenary length, cord twist, dip, dip pickup, in textile cord or of packages should be taken from each shipping case in the lot
fabric, industrial yarn, standard atmosphere for testing textiles, sample. If differing numbers of packages are to be taken from
tabby sample, tire cord, and tire cord fabric. shipping cases in the lot sample, the cases from which a
3.1.2 For definitions of terms related to force and deforma- specific number of packages are to be drawn should be
tion in textiles, refer to Terminology D4848. determined at random.
3.1.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: 6.2.2 Yarn on Beams—As a laboratory sample for accep-
breaking force, breaking tenacity, initial modulus, tensile tance testing, select ends at random from each beam in the lot
strength. sample. Take the number of ends for the laboratory sample as
3.1.3 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, refer directed in an applicable material specification or Practice
to Terminology D123. D2258. Wind the laboratory samples on a tube or spool using
3.1.3.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: a winder with a tension of 5 6 1 mN/tex [0.05 6 0.01 gf/den]
fabric using the general technique directed in Practice D2258.
3.2 Abbreviations: 6.2.2.1 Take laboratory samples from the outside of the
3.2.1 CRE—constant-rate-of-extension beams unless there is a question or disagreement about a
shipment. In that case, take laboratory samples after removing
4. Summary of Test Methods, General
a radial depth of 6 mm [ ⁄4 in.] or more to minimize the effects
of handling and atmospheric changes that occurred during
4.1 Asummary of the directions prescribed for the determi-
shipmentorstorage.Placethelaboratorysamplesinamoisture
nationofspecificpropertiesisstatedintheappropriatesections
resistant container to protect them from atmospheric changes
of specific test methods or the referenced standard.
until the yarn is conditioned in the atmosphere for testing tire
5. Significance and Use cords and industrial yarns.
5.1 The procedures in these test methods may be used for
6.3 Test Specimens—Take the number of specimens from
the acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is each laboratory sampling unit as directed in each test method.
advised because technicians may fail to get good agreement
6.3.1 Preparation of Specimens—Unwind and discard at
between results on certain yarns, cords, or fabrics. Compara- least six layers of yarn or cord from the package to eliminate
tive tests as directed in Section 5.1.1 may be advisable.
ultraviolet and physically damaged material (except from
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
beams). If specimens are not taken directly from the original
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
package, it is advisable to wind the sample on a tube or spool
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
by means of a winder using a tension of 5 6 1 mN/tex [0.05 6
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
0.01 gf/den]. If the specimen is collected as a loosely wound
assistance.As a minimum, test samples should be used that are
package, or in the form of a skein, report that the observed
as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material results were determined on a relaxed sample. Use care in
from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that
handling the specimen. Discard any specimen subjected to any
are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for change of twist, kinking or making any bend with a diameter
testing. Other materials with established test values may be
less than 6 mm [ ⁄4 in.]. Place the specimen in a moisture
used for this purpose.The test results from the two laboratories resistant polyethylene bag or other moisture resistant container
should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at
to protect it from atmospheric changes until ready to condition
a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is in the atmosphere for testing industrial yarns and tire cords.
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
6.3.2 If the yarn or cord has been treated with a resorcinol-
test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration formaldehyde-latex (RFL) type adhesive, samples should be
of the known bias.
protected against exposure to ultraviolet light, high humidity
(over60 %relativehumidity)andhightemperature(over38°C
5.2 The significance and use of particular properties are
[100°F]).
discussed in the appropriate sections of the specific test
methods.
7. Sampling of Tire Cord Fabric
SAMPLING AND CONDITIONING
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot to be sampled for acceptance
testing, take tire cord fabric produced on only one loom creel.
6. Sampling of Yarn and Cord
As a primary sampling unit, select one roll of fabric from the
6.1 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take lot and prepare tabby sample to yield the laboratory sampling
atrandomthenumberofshippingcasesorbeamsdirectedinan units as directed in Section 7.2.
applicable material specification or Practice D2258. Consider
7.2 Preparation of Laboratory Sample—Take a sample
shipping cases to be the primary sampling unit.
equal to the length of cord between the regular tabby woven at
6.2 Laboratory Sample: the end of the roll and a special tabby woven a short distance
6.2.1 Yarn or Cord in Cases—As a laboratory sample for from the end when the roll of fabric is manufactured. For rolls
acceptance testing, select packages at random from each that do not have a special woven tabby, improvise a tabby by
D2970/D2970M − 04 (2010)
the use of gummed tape or strips of cemented fabric applied to calculate and print the results of tests for each required
across a section of the cord fabric. The length of the tabby property. Because of the variety of electronic equipment
sample shall be as agreed upon by the purchaser and the available, and the various possibilities for recording test data,
supplier. The recommended minimum is 0.5 m [18 in.]. The use of this type of equipment is not covered in this test method.
width of the sample shall be at least one tenth of the roll width.
11.2 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing
Cut the warp cords of the fabric along the center line of the
industrial yarns and tire cords are dependent to a certain extent
special tabby across for a distance equal to the width of the
on the age and history of the sample and on the specific
required sample. If this distance is less than the full width of
conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are
the fabric, cut the filling yarns of the sample and of the special
rate of tensioning, type of clamps, gage length of specimen,
and regular tabbies in the direction parallel with the warp
temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow
cords. The resulting section of cord fabric is the tabby sample.
across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of
Attach the tabby sample to a piece of cardboard or fiber board,
the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified
the length of which shall be equal to at least the length of the
precisely to give reproducible test results on a specific sample.
cord warp between tabbies. Fold the tabby portions of the
11.3 Because the load-bearing ability of a reinforced rubber
sampleovereachendoftheboard,andsecurethesampletothe
board with pressure-sensitive tape or staples. Use care to avoid product is related to the strength of the yarn or cord used as a
reinforcing material, breaking strength is used in engineering
contact of tape or staples with the area to be tested. Handle the
samplecarefullyandholditundersufficienttensioninthewarp calculations when designing various types of textile reinforced
rubber products. When intrinsic strength characteristics of
direction to prevent the cords from kinking.The board with the
samplemaybefoldedlengthwiseandparallelwiththewarpfor yarns and cords of different sizes or different types of fiber are
to be compared, breaking tenacity is very useful, because for
convenience. Place the board with the fabric sample in a
polyethylene bag, or wrap it with several layers of polyethyl- most types of fiber, breaking force is approximately propor-
tional to linear density.
ene film to protect the sample from changes in atmospheric
moisture content until ready to condition in the atmosphere for
11.4 The drum clamp option gives a more accurate measure
testing industrial yarns and tire cords. Use care during subse-
of strength since it minimizes the effect of clamping and is
quent handling of the sample to prevent any change in the cord
recommended when strength only is required. Elongation and
twist and to avoid kinking of the cords in the area to be tested.
modulus are not readily measured by this option.
7.3 Test Specimens—Take the number of specimens at
11.5 The pneumatic-type clamp option provides for the
random from each laboratory sampling unit as directed in each
measurement of strength, elongation, and modulus. However,
of the specific test methods.
the strength of the yarn or cord may be lower and subject to
greater variation due to the effect of clamping.
8. Conditioning
11.6 Elongation of yarn or cord is taken into consideration
8.1 Bringallspecimensofyarn,cord,andfabrictomoisture
in the design and engineering of reinforced rubber products
equilibrium for testing in the atmosphere for testing industrial
because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and
yarns and tire cords.
its dimensional stability during service.
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF YARNS AND CORDS
11.7 Modulus is a measure of the resistance of yarn or cord
to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating
...
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