ASTM D7844-22a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Condition Monitoring of Soot in In-Service Lubricants by Trend Analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry
Standard Test Method for Condition Monitoring of Soot in In-Service Lubricants by Trend Analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An increase in soot material can lead to increased wear, filter plugging and viscosity. Monitoring of soot is therefore an important parameter in determining overall machinery health and should be considered in conjunction with data from other tests such as atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy for wear metal analysis (Test Method D5185), physical property tests (Test Methods D445 and D2896), and other FT-IR oil analysis methods for oxidation (Test Method D7414), sulfate by-products (Test Method D7415), nitration (Test Method D7624), and additive depletion (Test Method D7412), which also assess elements of the oil’s condition (1-6).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method pertains to field-based monitoring soot in diesel crankcase engine oils as well as in other types of engine oils where soot may contaminate the lubricant as a result of a blow-by due to incomplete combustion of in-service fuels.
1.2 This test method uses FT-IR spectroscopy for monitoring of soot build-up in in-service lubricants as a result of normal machinery operation. Soot levels in engine oils rise as soot particles contaminate the oil as a result of exhaust gas recirculation or a blow-by. This test method is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for monitoring of soot in in-service lubricants with the objective of helping diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on measuring the level of soot in the oil.
1.3 Acquisition of FT-IR spectral data for measuring soot in in-service oil and lubricant samples is described in Standard Practice D7418. In this test method, measurement and data interpretation parameters for soot using both direct trend analysis and differential (spectral subtraction) trend analysis are presented.
1.4 This test method is based on trending of spectral changes associated with soot in in-service lubricants. For direct trend analysis, values are recorded directly from absorbance spectra and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm pathlength. For differential trend analysis, values are recorded from the differential spectra (spectrum obtained by subtraction of the spectrum of the reference oil from that of the in-service oil) and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm pathlength (or equivalently absorbance units per centimeter). Warnings or alarm limits can be set on the basis of a fixed maximum value for a single measurement or, alternatively, can be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1).2 In either case, such maintenance action limits should be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with the correlation of soot levels to equipment performance.
1.4.1 Interpretation of soot values reported as a percentage is more widely understood within the industry. As an alternate reporting option, an equation to convert the soot absorbance value generated from Procedure A (direct trend) analysis to percent is provided. This equation is based on the Beer-Lambert law which states that concentration is directly proportional to absorbance.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this test method to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning, or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
1.5 This test method is primarily for petroleum/hydrocarbon based lubricants but is also applicable for ester based oils, including polyol esters or phosphate esters.
1.6 This method is intended as a field test only, and should be treated as such. Critical applications should use laboratory based methods, such as Thermal Gravimetric (TGA) analysis described in Standard Method D5967, Annex A4.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of th...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7844 − 22a
Standard Test Method for
Condition Monitoring of Soot in In-Service Lubricants by
Trend Analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
1
Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
2
1. Scope* be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1). In
either case, such maintenance action limits should be deter-
1.1 This test method pertains to field-based monitoring soot
mined through statistical analysis, history of the same or
in diesel crankcase engine oils as well as in other types of
similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in
engine oils where soot may contaminate the lubricant as a
conjunction with the correlation of soot levels to equipment
result of a blow-by due to incomplete combustion of in-service
performance.
fuels.
1.4.1 Interpretation of soot values reported as a percentage
1.2 This test method uses FT-IR spectroscopy for monitor-
is more widely understood within the industry.As an alternate
ing of soot build-up in in-service lubricants as a result of
reporting option, an equation to convert the soot absorbance
normal machinery operation. Soot levels in engine oils rise as
value generated from Procedure A (direct trend) analysis to
soot particles contaminate the oil as a result of exhaust gas
percent is provided. This equation is based on the Beer-
recirculation or a blow-by. This test method is designed as a
Lambert law which states that concentration is directly propor-
fast, simple spectroscopic check for monitoring of soot in
tional to absorbance.
in-service lubricants with the objective of helping diagnose the
NOTE 1—It is not the intent of this test method to establish or
operational condition of the machine based on measuring the
recommendnormal,cautionary,warning,oralertlimitsforanymachinery.
level of soot in the oil.
Suchlimitsshouldbeestablishedinconjunctionwithadviceandguidance
1.3 Acquisition of FT-IR spectral data for measuring soot in
from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
in-service oil and lubricant samples is described in Standard
1.5 Thistestmethodisprimarilyforpetroleum/hydrocarbon
Practice D7418. In this test method, measurement and data
based lubricants but is also applicable for ester based oils,
interpretation parameters for soot using both direct trend
including polyol esters or phosphate esters.
analysis and differential (spectral subtraction) trend analysis
are presented.
1.6 This method is intended as a field test only, and should
be treated as such. Critical applications should use laboratory
1.4 This test method is based on trending of spectral
changesassociatedwithsootinin-servicelubricants.Fordirect based methods, such as Thermal Gravimetric (TGA) analysis
trend analysis, values are recorded directly from absorbance described in Standard Method D5967, Annex A4.
spectra and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
pathlength. For differential trend analysis, values are recorded
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
from the differential spectra (spectrum obtained by subtraction
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of the spectrum of the reference oil from that of the in-service
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
oil) and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
pathlength (or equivalently absorbance units per centimeter).
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
Warnings or alarm limits can be set on the basis of a fixed
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
maximum value for a single measurement or, alternatively, can
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.96.03 on FTIR Testing Practices and Techniques Related to
In-Service Lubricants.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
2
approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D7844 – 22. DOI: Th
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7844 − 22 D7844 − 22a
Standard Test Method for
Condition Monitoring of Soot in In-Service Lubricants by
Trend Analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
1
Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method pertains to field-based monitoring soot in diesel crankcase engine oils as well as in other types of engine oils
where soot may contaminate the lubricant as a result of a blow-by due to incomplete combustion of in-service fuels.
1.2 This test method uses FT-IR spectroscopy for monitoring of soot build-up in in-service lubricants as a result of normal
machinery operation. Soot levels in engine oils rise as soot particles contaminate the oil as a result of exhaust gas recirculation
or a blow-by. This test method is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for monitoring of soot in in-service lubricants with
the objective of helping diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on measuring the level of soot in the oil.
1.3 Acquisition of FT-IR spectral data for measuring soot in in-service oil and lubricant samples is described in Standard Practice
D7418. In this test method, measurement and data interpretation parameters for soot using both direct trend analysis and
differential (spectral subtraction) trend analysis are presented.
1.4 This test method is based on trending of spectral changes associated with soot in in-service lubricants. For direct trend analysis,
values are recorded directly from absorbance spectra and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm pathlength. For
differential trend analysis, values are recorded from the differential spectra (spectrum obtained by subtraction of the spectrum of
the reference oil from that of the in-service oil) and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm pathlength (or equivalently
absorbance units per centimeter). Warnings or alarm limits can be set on the basis of a fixed maximum value for a single
2
measurement or, alternatively, can be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1). In either case, such maintenance
action limits should be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other
methods in conjunction with the correlation of soot levels to equipment performance.
1.4.1 Interpretation of soot values reported as a percentage is more widely understood within the industry. As an alternate reporting
option, an equation to convert the soot absorbance value generated from Procedure A (direct trend) analysis to percent is provided.
This equation is based on the Beer-Lambert law which states that concentration is directly proportional to absorbance.
NOTE 1—It is not the intent of this test method to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning, or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits
should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.96.03 on FTIR Testing Practices and Techniques Related to In-Service Lubricants.
Current edition approved July 1, 2022Oct. 1, 2022. Published August 2022October 2022. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 20212022 as
D7844 – 21.D7844 – 22. DOI: 10.1520/D7844-22.10.1520/D7844-22A.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7844 − 22a
1.5 This test method is primarily for petroleum/hydrocarbon based lubricants but is also applicable for ester based oils, including
polyol esters or phosphate esters.
1.6 This method is intended as a field test only, and should be treated as such. Critical applications should use laboratory based
methods, such as Thermal Gravimetric (TGA) analysis described in Standard Method D5967, Annex A4.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of
...
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