ASTM A878/A878M-05(2011)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Modified Chromium Vanadium Valve Spring Quality
Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Modified Chromium Vanadium Valve Spring Quality
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the highest quality of round modified chromium vanadium alloy steel valve spring wires, uniform in quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring high-fatigue properties when used at moderately elevated temperatures. This wire shall either be in the annealed and cold-drawn or oil-tempered condition. The steel shall be subjected to continuous casting and be free from detrimental pipe and undue segregation. Heat and product analysis shall conform to the chemical requirements for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, and vanadium. Mechanical properties shall be determined by the following: annealing and cold-drawing, oil tempering, wrap testing, and special surface inspection. In the oil-tempered condition, steel shall conform to the tensile requirements for different wire diameters. Metallurgical characterization shall include surface condition, decarburization, and inclusion content. The wire or wire rod shall conform to the maximum inclusion content requirements for the surface and core zones.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the highest quality of round modified chromium vanadium alloy steel valve spring wire, uniform in quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring high-fatigue properties when used at moderately elevated temperatures. This wire shall be either in the annealed and cold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by purchaser.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:A878/A878M −05 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Steel Wire, Modified Chromium Vanadium Valve Spring
Quality
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA878/A878M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2.4 AIAG Standard:
AIAG B-502.00 Primary Metals IdentificationTagApplica-
1.1 This specification covers the highest quality of round
tion Standard
modified chromium vanadium alloy steel valve spring wire,
uniform in quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of
3. Ordering Information
valve springs and other springs requiring high-fatigue proper-
3.1 Ordersformaterialunderthisspecificationshallinclude
ties when used at moderately elevated temperatures. This wire
the following information for each ordered item:
shall be either in the annealed and cold-drawn or oil-tempered
3.1.1 Quantity (mass),
condition as specified by purchaser.
3.1.2 Name of material (modified chromium vanadium
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
alloy steel valve spring quality wire),
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
3.1.3 Dimensions (Table 1 and Section 8),
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
3.1.4 Condition (Section 6),
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
3.1.5 Packaging (Section 14),
must be used independent of the other.
3.1.6 Heat analysis report, if requested (5.2),
3.1.7 Certification or test report, or both, if specified (Sec-
2. Referenced Documents
tion 13), and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.8 ASTM designation and year of issue.
A370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is as follows: 20 000-kg
of Steel Products
oil-tempered modified chromium vanadium alloy steel valve spring
A700Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods
qualitywire,size6.00mmin150-kgcoilstoASTM___dated___,orfor
for Steel Products for Shipment
inch-pound, 40 000-lb oil-tempered modified chromium vanadium alloy
A751Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
steelvalvespringqualitywire,size0.250in.in350-lbcoilstoASTM___
dated ___.
cal Analysis of Steel Products
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
4. Materials and Manufacture
Determine Conformance with Specifications
E45Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of 4.1 The steel may be made by any commercially accepted
steel making process. The steel shall be continuously cast.
Steel
2.2 Federal Standard:
4.2 The finished wire shall be free from detrimental pipe
Fed. Std. No. 123Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
and undue segregation.
2.3 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-163Steel Mill Products, Preparation for Ship- 5. Chemical Composition
ment and Storage
5.1 Thesteelshallconformtotherequirementsforchemical
composition specified in Table 2.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
5.2 Heat Analysis—Each heat of steel shall be analyzed by
Stainless Steel and Related Alloysand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
the manufacturer to determine the percentage of elements
A01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire.
prescribed in Table 2. This analysis shall be made from a test
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A878/A878M–05.
specimen preferably taken during the pouring of the heat.
DOI: 10.1520/A0878_A0878M-05R11.
When requested, this shall be reported to the purchaser and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
shall conform to the requirements of Table 2.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Available fromAutomotive IndustryAction Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd.,
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098 Suite 200, Southfield, MI 48034.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
A878/A878M−05 (2011)
A A
TABLE 1 Permissible Variations in Wire Diameter TABLE 3 Tensile Requirements
SI Units SI Units
B
Permissible Permissible Diameter, mm MPa, min MPa, max Min % R.A.
Diameter, mm Variations, Out-of Round,
±mm mm
0.5 2000 2170 β
1.0 1930 2100 β
0.5 to 2.0, incl 0.02 0.02 1.5 1830 2000 β
Over 2.0 to 4.0, incl 0.03 0.03 2.0 1760 1900 45
Over 4.0 to 9.5, incl 0.04 0.04 3.0 1660 1800 45
Inch-Pound Units 3.75 1620 1760 40
Permissible Permissible 4.5 1590 1730 40
Diameter, in. Variations, Out-of Round, 5.0 1550 1690 40
±in. in. 5.7 1520 1660 40
6.3 1480 1620 40
0.020 to 0.075, incl 0.0008 0.0008
7.9 1450 1590 40
Over 0.075 to 0.148, incl 0.001 0.001 9.5 1410 1550 40
Over 0.148 to 0.375, incl 0.0015 0.0015
Inch-Pound Units
A
For purposes of determining conformance with this specification, all specified
B
Diameter, in. ksi, min ksi, max Min % R.A.
limits are absolute as defined in Recommended Practice E29.
0.020 290 315 β
0.040 280 305 β
0.060 265 290 β
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements
0.080 255 275 45
Analysis,% ProductAnalysis
0.120 240 260 45
Tolerance,%
0.148 235 255 40
0.177 230 250 40
Carbon 0.60–0.75 ±0.02 0.200 225 245 40
Manganese 0.50–0.90 ±0.03 0.225 220 240 40
Phosphorus 0.025 max +0.005 0.250 215 235 40
Sulfur 0.025 max +0.005 0.312 210 230 40
Silicon 0.15–0.30 ±0.02 0.375 205 225 40
Chromium 0.35–0.60 ±0.05
A
Tensile strength valves for intermediate diameters may be interpolated.
Vanadium 0.10–0.25 ±0.01
B
β is not applicable to wire diameters under .080 in. (2.0 mm).
5.3 Product Analysis—An analysis may be made by the
purchaser from finished wire representing each heat of steel.
6.3.1 Oil-tempered or cold-drawn wire 4.00 mm [0.162 in.]
The average of all the separate determinations made shall be
andsmallerindiametershallwindonitselfasanarborwithout
within the limits specified in the analysis column. Individual
breakage. Larger diameter wire up to and including 8.00 mm
determinations may vary to the extent shown in the product
[0.312 in.] in diameter shall wrap without breakage on a
analysis tolerance column, except that the several determina-
mandrel twice the wire diameter. The wrap test is not appli-
tions of a single element in any one heat shall not vary both
cable to wire over 8.00 mm [0.312 in.] in diameter.
above and below the specified range.
6.3.2 NumberofTests—Onetestspecimenshallbetakenfor
5.4 For referee purposes, Test Methods, Practices, and
eachfivecoils,orfractionthereof,inalot.Eachheatinagiven
Terminology A751 shall be used.
lot shall be tested.
6.3.3 LocationofTests—Test specimens shall be taken from
6. Mechanical Properties
either end of the coil.
6.1 Annealed and Cold Drawn—When purchased in the
6.3.4 Test Method—The wrap test shall be made in accor-
annealed and cold-drawn condition, the wire shall have been dance with Test Methods and Definitions A370.
given a sufficient amount of cold working to meet the purchas-
6.4 Special Surface Inspection—When specified, the entire
er’scoilingrequirementsandshallbeinasuitableconditionto
lengthofeverycoilshallbeinspectedforsurfaceimperfections
respond properly to heat treatment. In special cases the
with a magnetic or eddy current defect analyzer, or both, or
hardness, if desired, shall be stated in the purchase order.
equivalent. The defect depth of this surface inspection shall be
6.2 Oil Tempered—When purchased in the oil-tempered
agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. All
condition, the tensile strength and % R.A. shall conform to the detected defects shall be properly marked so the purchaser has
requirements prescribed in Table 3.
the ability to identify and discard that length of wire.
6.2.1 NumberofTests—Onetestspecimenshallbetakenfor
eachfivecoils,orfractionthereof,inalot.Eachheatinagiven 7. Metallurgical Requirements
lot shall be tested.
7.1 Surface Condition:
6.2.2 LocationofTests—Test specimens shall be taken from
7.1.1 The surface of the wire as received shall be free of
either end of the coil.
imperfections such as pits, die marks, scratches, seams, and
6.2.3 Test Method—The t
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