ASTM E1192-97(2008)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
ABSTRACT
This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of aqueous ambient samples and effluents on certain species of freshwater and saltwater fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians, during a short-term exposure, depending on the species, using the static, renewal, and flow-through techniques. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting acute toxicity tests on aqueous effluents with many other aquatic species, although modifications might be necessary. Static tests might not be applicable to effluents that have a high oxygen demand, or contain materials that (1) are highly volatile, (2) are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solutions, or (3) are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test. Results of acute toxicity tests should usually be reported in terms of a median lethal concentration (LC50) or median effective concentration (EC50). An acute toxicity test does not provide information about whether delayed effects will occur. Specified requirements involving the following are detailed: (1) hazards; (2) apparatus: facilities, special requirements, construction materials, metering system, test chambers, cleaning, and acceptability; (3) dilution water requirements, source, treatment, and characterization; (4) effluent sampling point, collection, preservation, treatment, and test concentrations; (5) test organism species, age, source, care and handling, feeding, disease treatment, holding, acclimation, and quality; (6) procedure: experimental design, dissolved oxygen, temperature, loading, beginning the test, feeding, duration of test, biological data, and other measurements; (7) analytical methodology; (8) acceptability of test; (9) calculation of results; and (1) report of results.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
An acute effluent toxicity test is conducted to obtain information concerning the immediate effects on test organisms of a short-term exposure to an effluent under specific experimental conditions. One can directly examine acute effects of complex mixtures of chemicals as occurs in effluents and some ambient waters. Acute effluent toxicity tests can be used to evaluate the potential for designated-use or aquatic life imperiment in the receiving stream, lake, or estuary. An acute toxicity test does not provide information about whether delayed effects will occur, although a post-exposure observation period, with appropriate feeding if necessary, might provide such information.
Results of acute effluent tests might be used to predict acute effects likely to occur on aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that (1) motile organisms might avoid exposure when possible, (2) toxicity to benthic species might be dependent on sorption or settling of components of the effluent onto the substrate, and (3) the effluent might physically or chemically interact with the receiving water.
Results of acute effluent tests might be used to compare the acute sensitivities of different species and the acute toxicities of different effluents, and to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.
Acute tests are usually the first step in evaluating the effects of an effluent on aquatic organisms.
Results of acute effluent tests will depend on the temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the test organisms, exposure technique, and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of an aqueous effluent on certain species of freshwater and saltwater fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians, usually during 2 to 4-day exposures, depending on the species, using the static, renewal, and flow-through techniques. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting acute toxicity tests on aqueous effluents with many...
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Designation: E1192 − 97(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Guide for
Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient
Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and
1
Amphibians
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and effluent are maintained at desired levels and degradation
and metabolic products are removed. Static tests might not be
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory
applicable to effluents that have a high oxygen demand, or
data concerning the adverse effects of an aqueous effluent on
contain materials that (1) are highly volatile, (2) are rapidly
certain species of freshwater and saltwater fishes,
biologicallyorchemicallytransformedinaqueoussolutions,or
macroinvertebrates, and amphibians, usually during 2 to 4-day
(3) are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by
exposures, depending on the species, using the static, renewal,
the test chambers or organisms during the test. Flow-through
and flow-through techniques. These procedures will probably
testsaregenerallypreferabletorenewaltests,althoughinsome
be useful for conducting acute toxicity tests on aqueous
situations a renewal test might be more cost-effective than a
effluents with many other aquatic species, although modifica-
flow-through test.
tions might be necessary.
1.5 In the development of these procedures, an attempt was
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justi-
made to balance scientific and practical considerations and to
fied by special needs or circumstances.Although using appro-
ensure that the results will be sufficiently accurate and precise
priate procedures is more important than following prescribed
for the applications for which they are commonly used. A
procedures,resultsoftestsconductedusingunusualprocedures
majorconsiderationwasthatthecommonusesoftheresultsof
are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests.
acute tests on effluents do not require or justify stricter
Comparisonofresultsobtainedusingmodifiedandunmodified
requirements than those set forth in this guide. Although the
versions of these procedures might provide useful information
tests may be improved by using more organisms, longer
concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting acute
acclimation times, and so forth, the requirements presented in
toxicity tests on aqueous effluents.
this guide should usually be sufficient.
1.3 This guide is based in large part on Guide E729. The
1.6 Resultsofacutetoxicitytestsshouldusuallybereported
majordifferencesbetweenthetwoguidesare(1)themaximum
in terms of a median lethal concentration (LC50) or median
test concentration is 100% effluent or ambient sample, (2)
effective concentration (EC50). In some situations, it might be
testing is not chemical specific, and (3) the holding time of
necessaryonlytodeterminewhetheraspecificconcentrationis
effluent and ambient samples is often considerably less than
acutely toxic to the test species or whether the LC50 or EC50
thatforchemicalsandothertestmaterials.Becausethesample
is above or below a specific concentration.
isoftenacomplexmixtureofchemicals,analyticaltestscannot
generally be used to confirm exposure concentrations.
1.7 This guide is arranged as follows:
Section
1.4 Selection of the technique to be used in a specific
situation will depend upon the needs of the investigator and
Referenced Documents 2
upon available resources. Static tests provide the most easily
Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
obtained measure of acute toxicity, but should not last longer
Significance and Use 5
than48h.Renewalandflow-throughtestsmaylastlongerthan
Hazards 7
48 h because the pH and concentrations of dissolved oxygen
Apparatus 6
Facilities 6.1
Special Requirements 6.2
Construction Materials 6.3
1
Metering System 6.4
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Test Chambers 6.5
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
Cleaning 6.6
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Acceptability 6.7
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originally
Dilution Water 8
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1192–97(2003).
Requirements 8.1
DOI: 10.1520/E1192-97R08.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E1192 − 97 (2008)
express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that the test
Source 8.2
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