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ASTM D4981-95(2003)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Screening of Oxidizers in Waste

Standard Test Method for Screening of Oxidizers in Waste

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for use by those in waste management industries to avoid potentially harmful reactions due to oxidizing compounds in wastes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use prior to preparation of waste samples for organic analysis. Waste samples that have oxidizing compounds may react with certain reagents in the laboratory (for example, organic solvents).
1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of waste liquids, sludges, and solids.
1.3 This test method can neither identify specific oxidizing compounds nor measure concentrations. Since no acid or base is added in this test method, potential oxidizers that require the presence of acid or base will not be detected by this test method.
1.4 It is recommended that, prior to this test, waste samples be screened for water compatibility; see Test Methods D 5058.
1.5 This test method is designed and intended as a preliminary test to complement quantitative analytical techniques that may be used to determine the presence of oxidizers in wastes. This test method offers the ability to screen waste for potentially hazardous reactions due to oxidizer content when the more sophisticated techniques are not available or the total waste composition is unknown.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statement is given in Section and 8 and 11.2.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2003
ICS
13.030.40 - Installations and equipment for waste disposal and treatment
Technical Committee
D34 - Waste Management
Drafting Committee
D34.01.05 - Screening Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4981-95 - Standard Test Method for Screening of Oxidizers in Waste
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D4981-08 - Standard Test Method for Screening of Oxidizers in Waste
Effective Date
01-Sep-2008
Referred By
ASTM D5232-19 - Standard Practice for Determining the Stability and Miscibility of a Solid, Semi-Solid, or Liquid Waste Material
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003

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ASTM D4981-95(2003) - Standard Test Method for Screening of Oxidizers in Waste
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4981–95 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Screening of Oxidizers in Waste
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4980 Test Method for Screening of pH in Waste
D 5058 Test Methods for Compatability of Screening
1.1 This test method is intended for use prior to preparation
Analysis of Waste
of waste samples for organic analysis.Waste samples that have
oxidizing compounds may react with certain reagents in the
3. Terminology
laboratory (for example, organic solvents).
3.1 Description of Term Specific to This Standard:
1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of waste
3.1.1 screening analysis—A preliminary qualitative or
liquids, sludges, and solids.
semiquantitativetestthatisdesignedtoefficientlygivetheuser
1.3 This test method can neither identify specific oxidizing
specific information about a waste that will aid in determining
compounds nor measure concentrations. Since no acid or base
waste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-
is added in this test method, potential oxidizers that require the
dling.
presence of acid or base will not be detected by this test
method.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 It is recommended that, prior to this test, waste samples
4.1 A small portion of the sample is placed onto a strip of
be screened for water compatibility; see Test Methods D 5058.
potassium iodide (KI) starch paper.The blue color which is the
1.5 This test method is designed and intended as a prelimi-
result of oxidizing the potassium iodide to iodine (I)inthe
nary test to complement quantitative analytical techniques that
presence of starch, indicates a positive test for oxidizers.
may be used to determine the presence of oxidizers in wastes.
This test method offers the ability to screen waste for poten-
5. Significance and Use
tially hazardous reactions due to oxidizer content when the
5.1 This test method is intended for use by those in waste
more sophisticated techniques are not available or the total
management industries to avoid potentially harmful reactions
waste composition is unknown.
due to oxidizing compounds in wastes.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
6. Interferences
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
6.1 Materials that mask the KI starch paper, (for example,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
oils, syrups, etc.) prevent reaction with the test paper or visual
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
detection of a color change.
statement is given in Section 8 and 11.2.
6.2 Samples or slurries of samples that are already dark
colored prior to applying a test portion to the KI starch paper
2. Referenced Documents
can give false results.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6.3 Oxidizers such as ferric salts may not oxidize organics;
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
however, they may show positive reactions with KI.
6.4 Oxidizers that require the presence of acid or base will
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
give a false negative result. To overcome this problem, run the
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 on
oxidizer test at acid, base, and neutral pH conditions.
Screening Methods.
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally
7. Reagents and Materials
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 4981 – 95.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent-grade chemicals shall be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
all reagents conform to specifications of the Committee on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
---------
...

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1.1 This practice describes standard procedures for sampling waste on open and closed conveying systems and is applicable to any waste material that can be conveyed to a waste pile or container. The conveyor system can be a vertical (vertical lifts), sloped, or horizontal type.  
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5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of unconsolidated solid materials from drums or similar containers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or compromised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for example, remote drum opening, overpressurized drum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in EPA/600/2-86/013, Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
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4.1 This guide is suitable for sampling heterogeneous wastes.  
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4.3 Sections 5 – 10 describe a guide for the sampling of heterogeneous waste according to project objectives. Appendix X1 describes an application of the guide to heterogeneous wastes. The user is strongly advised to read Annex A1 prior to reading and employing Sections 5 – 10 of this guide.  
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1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use in the waste management industries to collect samples of unconsolidated waste from trucks. The sampling procedures described are general and should be used in conjunction with a site-specific work plan.  
5.2 The purpose of collecting waste samples directly from a truck (rather than the waste source) is often to verify (usually with screening analyses) that the waste contained in the truck is the same or similar material from a waste source that has been previously characterized and approved for treatment or disposal, or both. Additionally, it may be a safer or logistically easier to sample the waste from a truck over the waste source.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers several methods for collecting waste samples from trucks. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling unconsolidated solid wastes in bulk loads using several types of sampling equipment.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for specific precautionary statements.  
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Standard Test Methods for Flammability Potential Screening Analysis of Waste

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in identifying the flammability potential or waste materials. In addition to the test methods described here, flash points specific to liquid waste can be determined according to Test Method D8174 or D8175.
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Sections  
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8 – 10  
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1.3 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
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1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 6, 9.3.1, and 10.4.3.  
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Standard Practices for Compatibility of Screening Analysis of Waste

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
8.1 This practice is intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in determining the compatibility of hazardous wastes before they are commingled.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover assessment of the compatibility/reactivity of waste. The individual practices are as follows:    
Sections  
Practice A—Commingled Waste Compatibility  
8 – 12  
Practice B—Polymerization Potential (Reaction with  
Triethylamine)  
13 – 18  
Practice C—Water Compatibility  
19 – 25  
1.2 These practices are applicable to waste liquids, sludges, semi-solids, and solids.  
1.3 These practices are designed and intended as a preliminary or supplementary test to complement the more sophisticated quantitative analytical techniques that should be used to determine waste composition and compatibilities. This standard offers the user the option and the ability to screen wastes for potentially hazardous reactions when the more sophisticated techniques are not available and the total waste composition is unknown, and to screen compatibility when the composition is known. (Warning—Delayed or slow reactions of wastes may go unnoticed.)  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard and warning statements, see Sections 1.3, 6.1, 10, 11.2.3, 11.5.2, 16, and 23.  
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