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ASTM D4809-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)

Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2 %. It can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated.
1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed by each individual measurement that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.04 %, insofar as possible.
1.3 Under normal conditions, the method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over that of Test Method D 240.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2000
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4809-95 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Replaced By
ASTM D4809-00(2005) - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6227-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D4868-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D4054-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM G114-21 - Standard Practices for Evaluating the Age Resistance of Polymeric Materials Used in Oxygen Service
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM G128/G128M-15(2023) - Standard Guide for Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen Enriched Systems
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8147-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D1655-23 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7566-22a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D910-21 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM G63-15(2023) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7719-21a - Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8434-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Organo-metallic Additive
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000

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ASTM D4809-00 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)ASTM D4809-00 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
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ASTM D4809-00 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D4809–00
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter (Precision Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of
2
(Lamp Method)
combustionofhydrocarbonfuels.Itisdesignedspecificallyfor
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference
Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-
between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2%. It
2
etry
can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile
D3120 Test Method forTrace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
tolerated.
2
lometry
1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed
Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
by each individual measurement that affects the precision shall
4
Spectrometry
be kept below 0.04%, insofar as possible.
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
1.3 Under normal conditions, the method is directly appli-
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
cable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel
4
troscopy
oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
2-GT gas turbine fuels.
Light Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by Ultraviolet
1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls
5
Fluorescence
and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over
6
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
that of Test Method D240.
E 144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
7
Bombs
standard.
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Stor-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
8
Analysis
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
3. Terminology
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see
3.1 Definitions:
Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.
3.1.1 gross heat of combustion—expressed as megajoules
2. Referenced Documents perkilogram.Thegrossheatofcombustionatconstantvolume
of a liquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heat
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
2
liberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen in
eral Bomb Method)
an enclosure of constant volume, the products of combustion
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
2
being gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
2
liquid water, with the initial temperature of the fuel and the
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen in Petroleum Fractions
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
4
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
5
D02.05on Petroleum, Coke, and Carbon Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
6
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
7
published as D4809–88. Last previous edition D4809–95. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
2 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4809–00
1MJ/kg 51000J/g (2)
oxygen and the final temperature of the products at 25°C.
Gross heat of combustion (see Note 1) is represented by the
NOTE 3—In SI the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg,
9
symbol Q .
g but for practical use a multiple is more convenient. The MJ/kg is
customarily used for the representatio
...

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5.1 The analysis of trace oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition engine fuel has become routine in certain areas to ensure compliance whenever oxygenated fuels are used. In addition, test methods to measure trace levels of oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition fuel are necessary to assess product quality.
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1.2 The ethanol blending concentration for which this test method applies ranges from 1 % to 15% by volume. Higher concentrations of ethanol coelute with methanol in the analytical column. Lower levels of ethanol, similar to the other oxygenate, can be calibrated and analyzed also. If higher ethanol concentrations are expected, the window cutting technique can be used to avoid ethanol from entering the analytical column and interfere with the determination of the other oxygenates of interest. Refer to Appendix X1 for details.  
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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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SCOPE
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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
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ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
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Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of determining whether the vanadium and nickel content of crude meets the operational limits of the refinery and whether the metal content will have a deleterious effect on the refining process or when used as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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